DATA DESIGN

Explain data design concepts and data

structures
Describe file processing systems
Explain database systems and define the
components of a database management
system (DBMS)
Describe Web-based data design
Explain data design terminology,
including entities, fields, common fields,
records, files, tables, and key fields
Describe data relationships, draw an
entity-relationship diagram, define
cardinality and use cardinality notation
Explain the concept of normalization
Explain the importance of codes and
describe various coding schemes
Describe relational and object-oriented
database models
Explain data warehousing and data
mining
Differentiate between logical and physical
storage and records
Explain data control measures
In this part, you will develop a physical plan for data
organization, storage, and retrieval
We begins with a review of data design concepts and
terminology, then discusses file-based systems and
database systems, including Web-based databases
Concludes with a discussion of data storage and access,
including strategic tools such as data warehousing and data
mining, physical design issues, logical and physical records,
data storage formats, and data controls
Before constructing an information system, a systems
analyst must understand basic design concepts, including
data structures and the characteristics of file processing
and database systems, including Web-based database
design
Data Structures
Is a framework for organizing and storing data in an IS
Data structures consists of a file or table
File contains data about people, places or events that
interact with the system
Depend on how the systems files are organized, an IS
is called a file processing system or a db mgmt sytem
a file processing system also called File-oriented
system - stores and manages data in one or separate
file


A Database system consist of linked tables that form
one overall data structure
Offer much greater flexibility and efficiency


Companies mainly use file processing to handle large
volumes of structured data on a regular basis
Although much less common today, file processing can be
more efficient and cost-effective in certain situations
Potential problems
Data redundancy - data common to two or more IS is stored
in several places
Data integrity occurs if update are not apply in every file
Rigid data structure of a typical file processing environment.
Retrieving info from independent, file based system is slow and
ineffiecient
A file oriented information contain various types of files
Master file store permanent data about an entity
Table file contain reference data used by IS, static and not
updated by the IS
Transaction file store day-to-day operational data
Work file a temporary file created for a single task
Security file create for backup and recovery purpose
History file created for archiving purposes
A properly design database system offers a solution to the
problems of file processing
Provides an overall framework that avoids data
redundancy and supports a real-time, dynamic
environment
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of
tools, features, and interfaces that enables users to add,
update, manage, access, and analyze the contents of a
database
The main advantage of a DBMS is that it offers timely,
interactive, and flexible data access
Specific DBMS advantages include
Scalability - system can be expanded, modified or
downsized easily to meet changing
Better support for client/server systems
Economy of scale
Flexible data sharing
Enterprise-wide application database administrator
(DBA)
Stronger standards
Refer pg 343
Advantages (cont..)
Controlled redundancy
Better security
Increased programmer productivity
Data independence
Although DBMS has many advtgs, some tradeoff exist
Because DBMSs are powerful, they require more
expensive hardware, software, and data networks
capable of supporting a multi-user environment
More complex than a file processing system
Procedures for security, backup, and recovery are more
complicated and critical
A DBMS provides an interface between a database and users
who need to access the data
In addition to interfaces for users, database administrators,
and related systems, a DBMS also has a data manipulation
language, a schema and subschemas, and a physical data
repository
When users, db admin and related IS request data and
services, DBMS processes the request, manipulates the data
and provide response
Users
Query language
Query by example (QBE)
SQL (structured query language)
Database Administrators
A DBA is responsible for DBMS management and
support
Related information systems
A DBMS can support several related information systems that
provide input to, and require specific data from, the DBMS
Unlike user interface, no human intervention required for 2
way comm between DBMS and the related system
A data manipulation language (DML) controls database
operations, including storing, retrieving, updating, and
deleting data
DBMS such as Oracle, IBM DB2 use DML
MS Access also provide easy-to-use graphical
environment that enable user to control operation with
menu-driven command
The complete definition of a database, including descriptions
of all fields, tables, and relationships, is called a schema
You also can define one or more subschemas
At this stage, the data dictionary is transformed into a
physical data repository, which also contains the schema
and subschemas
The physical repository might be centralized, or distributed
at several locations
ODBC open database connectivity is an industry
standard protocol that make it possible for sw from
different vendors to interact and exchange data
JDBC Java database connectivity enables Java
application to exchange data with any db that uses SQL
statement
The following sections discuss the characteristics of Web-
based design, Internet terminology, connecting a database to
the Web, and data security on the Web
In a Web-based design, the Internet serves as the front end,
or interface for the database management system. Internet
technology provides enormous power and flexibility
Web-based systems are popular because they offer ease of
access, cost-effectiveness, and worldwide connectivity
To understand Web-based data design, review some basic
Internet term and concept
Web browser
Web page
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
Tags
Web server
Web siteIntranet
Extranet
Protocols
Web-centric
Clients
Servers

To access data in a Web based, the db must be connected to
the Internet or intranet
Db and Internet speaks two different languages
To bridge the gap, use Middleware, which is a software
that integrates different apps and allow them to exchange
data
Example popular middleware is Adobe ColdFusion
Figure 8-10
Web-based data must be totally secure, yet easily accessible
to authorized users
To achieve this goal, well-designed systems provide security
at three levels: the database itself, the Web server, and the
telecommunication links that connect the components of the
system
Definitions
Entity
is a person, place, thing or event for which data is collected and
maintained
Eg ORDER, CUSTOMER, PRODUCT
Table or file
Data is organized into tables or files
Table contain related records that store about specific entity
Field
Attribute
Common field
Record
Tuple
Key Fields
Primary key is a field or combination of fields that
uniquely and minimally identify a particular member of an
entity
Combination key / Composite key / Concatenated key /
Multi-valued key
Key Fields
Candidate key a key that could serve as the primary key
Nonkey field any field that is not a primary key or a candidate key
Foreign key a common field exist in more than one table and can be
used to form a relationship or link between the tables
Secondary key a field or combination of fields that can be used to
access or retrieve records
Referential Integrity
Validity checks can help avoid data input errors
In a relational database, referential integrity means that a
foreign key value cannot be entered in one table unless it
matches an existing primary key in another table
Figure 8-13
An entity is a person, place, thing, or event for which data is
collected and maintained

Entity-relationship diagram (ERD)
Is a model that shows the logical relationships and
interaction among system entities
An ERD provides an overall view of the system, and a
blueprint for creating the physical data structures
The first step is to list the entities that you identified during the fact-
finding process and to consider the nature of the relationships that link
them
A popular method is to represent entities as rectangles and relationships
as diamond shapes
Three types of relationships can exist between entities
One-to-one relationship (1:1)
One-to-many relationship (1:M)
Many-to-many relationship (M:N)
Associative entity
After draws an initial ERD, he must define the relationship in
more detail by using cardinality
Cardinality describe the numeric relationship between two
entities and show how instances of one entity relate to
instance of another entity
1. Create the initial ERD
2. Assign all data elements to entities
3. Create 3NF designs for all tables
4. Verify all data dictionary entries
After creating your final ERD and normalized
table designs, you can transform them into a
database
Figure 8-38 Figure 8-39 Figure 8-40
Relational Databases
The relational model was introduced during the 1970s and
became popular because it was flexible and powerful
Because all the tables are linked, a user can request data
that meets specific conditions
New entities and attributes can be added at any time
without restructuring the entire database
Object-Oriented Databases
Many systems developers are using object-oriented
database (OODB) design as a natural extension of the
object-oriented analysis process
It is establish by Object Database Management Group
(ODMG)
Each object has a unique object identifier, which is similar to a
primary key in a relational database
Files and tables contain data about people, places,
things, or events that affect the information system
DBMS designs are more powerful and flexible than
traditional file-oriented systems
Data design tasks include creating an initial ERD;
assigning data elements to an entity; normalizing
all table designs; and completing the data
dictionary entries for files, records, and data
elements
A code is a set of letters or numbers used to
represent data in a system
The most common database models are relational
and object-oriented