Baedah Madjid

BAGIAN MIKROBIOLOGI FK-

UNHAS
2007
Sterilization: total inactivasi segala bentuk kehidupan
kemampuan bereproduksi
Bactericide: agen yang membunuh bakteri
Bacteristatic: substance yang mencegah pertumbuhan
bakteri,
Disinfectant (germicide): agent membunuh
mikroorganisme yang mempu menimbulkan infeksi.
Antiseptic: opposes sepsis or putrefaction dengan
membunuh bakteri atau menghambat pertumbuhannya.
(hidup dalam jaringan)
Decontamination: get rid of contamination (beberapa
mikroorganisme.

Agen fisik
1. Panas
- panas lembab
- panas kering
2. Pembekuan
3. Radiasi
- radiasi ultraviolet
- radiasi ionisasi
4. Ultrasonic & Sonic
getaran
5. Filtrasi

Agen kimia
Mechanisms of action:
merusak sell
membran
Denaturasi Protein
Modify Functional
Groups of Proteins and
Nucleic Acids.

Faktor yang mengakibatkan potensi
Disinfectant
Concentration (Cnt = K)
Time of Exposure
pH
Temperature
Nature of the Organisms
Presence of Extraneous materials organic matter:
serum, blood, pus, etc.

6
5
4
3
g
10
jml
kteri 2
ng bertahan
dup setelah 1
manasan
0 D
121
-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lama pemanasan pada 121
o
C
Campuran Name Effects Practical Applic
Surface disinfectants
CATIONIC AGENTS
Quaternary

ANIONIC AGENTS

NON-IONIC





Zephiran
Ceepryn chloride
Duponal LS
Triton W-30
Tween-80


Gram-positive
(mostly)
Gram-positive
(Only)


Antiseptic
Phenolic
Cresol

Diphenyl compound

Lysol
Creolin
Hexachlorophene

Bactericidal

Gram-positive

Disinfectant
Germicidal soap
Disinfectant
Germicidal soap
Alcohols Ethanol 70% Bactericidal +
spores
Disinfectant
Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic.
Acids Hydrochloric acid
Benzoic acid
Lactic, citric,
acetic, propionic
acids
Antibacteria
l
Disinfectant
Food preservative
Food preservative
Alkalies Hydroxide
(metallic cation)
Direct toxic Disinfectant
Alcohol Ethanol 70% Bactericidal
+ spores
Disinfectant
Acetone Acetone Disinfectant
Free H+ & OH- ions undissociated molecule
or altering pH of organisms environment
Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic .
Heavy metals
Mercurials




Silver compound

Mercuric chloride
Metaphen,
Merthiolate,
Mercurochrome

Phenylmercury salts
Silver nitrate 1%

Very toxic
Less toxic
Gram-pos &
neg, fungi, yeast,
algae
Bactericidal
Agents

Limited use
Antiseptics



Control contami-
nation of Pseudo-
monas & others
Prophylaxis of
ophthalmia neona-
torum
Oxidizing
HALOGENS
Iodine
Chlorine
HYDROGEN PER-
OXIDE

Betadine, Jodium
ticture
(Sunklin)
H2O2 3%

Germcide
Germcide

Damage DNA

Skin Disinfectant
Disinfectant

Food preservative
Wound cleaning
Compounds Name Effects Practical Applic .
Dyes
Triphenylmethae
dyes
Acridine dyes

Malachite green
Cristal violet
Proflavine

Gram-positive
Gram-positive
Synthesis of
Nucleic acid

Staining, medium
Staining
Wound antiseptics
Alkylating agents
Formadehyde


Glutaraldehyde

Ethylene oxide

Formalin (sol. 3%)
Paraformaldehyde
(solid 91-99%)
Gas

Gas

All organisms
(Irreversible)

10 x formal-
dehyde
All bacteria

Disinfetant
Latex gloves

For rooms,
fabrics, instr.
Disinfectant for
Endoscopic instr.
A. Dry heat
a. Hot air oven: metal/glass, powders, oils
b. Flaming : loops/se, glass object
c. Incineration incinerator: medical trash
B. Moist Heat
Boiling water : 100
o
C
Steaming: 100
o
C
Autoclaving: 125
o
C, 15 atmosphere
Pasteurization: 72

C for 15 seconds milk
Tyndalization


Moist Heat Dry Heat
Temperature Time (min ) Pressure Time (min)
121
o
C 15 15 -
126
o
C 10 20 -
134
o
C 3 30 -
140
o
C - 180
150
o
C - 150
160
o
C - 120
170
o
C - 60
protein denaturation & coagulation
Freezing : preserving
Repeated freezing & thawing bacterial
destruction.
In freezing: formation of ice crystals outside
the cells withdraw water from the cell
interior intracellular electrolyte
concentration & protein denaturation
damage of cell membrane.

A. Ultraviolet radiation
B. Ionizing radiation
Sunlight : spontaneous sterilization occur
under natural condition.
Effects of Radiation: inactivation of molecule
by rays energy absorbed by molecule.
UV: bactericide
Energy content of Ionizing radiations >>> than
UV radiation

Lethal & mutagenic agent
Lethal dose: for non-spore-forming bacteria 1800
6500 W/cm2. Bacterial spores required 10 X more
Bactericidal effect: wavelength of 240-280 nm
wavelength of 260 nm lethal but can not penetrate the
glass or water.
Practical use: to control air-borne infection for
operating rooms or hospital wards, biological safety
cabinet (laminar flow)


Lethal effects: most pathogenic non-spore-forming
bacteria
Products by :
a. radioactive decay: , , rays
b. x-rays,
c. particle bombardment
d. Nuclear reactor
Practical applications:
- Sterilizing dose : 2.5 Mrad most resistance microorgn
- radiation of cobalt 60 : pharmacy and medicine, catgut,
nylon sutures, disposable medical and medical supplies.

Sound vibration (20 to 1000 kc) disrupting
cells.
Ultrasonic waves more effective as the frequency
is
increased.
Effects:
Disintegrating cells & H2O2 formation
Depolymerization of macromolecules
The most susceptible: gram negative rods
The most resistance Staphylococcus : require
long
period exposure.
No practical value for sterilization & disinfection :
numerous survivors.
Sterilization: heat-labile materials (lab)
Mechanisms:
Electrostatic & absorption phenomena
Physical construction of filters
Types:
Old types : Berkefeld, Chamberland,
Seitz
Membrane filters : porous disks of
cellulose
Pore size: 14-0.023 m.
Most widely used: 0.023 m.
Practical used: serum, plasma, etc.
Two-dimensional screen.
Mechanisms:
a. Particles > pore : retained on filter surface
b. Particle < pore: retained by van der Waals
forces.