Objectives:

1. Explain the Law of Reflection;

2. Distinguish between specular and diffuse
reflections;
3. Explain refraction in terms of Snells Law and
index of refraction;
4. Describe the Total Internal Reflection (TIR).
When light is reflected off any
surface, the angle of
incidence is always equal to
the angle of reflection .
Note:
- The angles are always
measured with respect to the
normal line.

Is the angle of reflection always equal to the angle of incidence?
Reflection
Two types of Reflection
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/reflection/specular/index.html


Does the Law of Reflection apply
in diffused reflection?
2. Refraction
is the bending of
light as it passes
between
materials of
different density.
This relationship
between the angles
is called Snell's
Law. In symbols:
sin
i
/sin
r
= n
2
/n
1

When a wave is
incident on a
boundary between
media, some of its
energy is reflected
and some is
transmitted.

One indicator of the optical
density of a material is the index
of refraction value of the material
(n).
The index of refraction n, is
defined as the ratio of the speed
of light in vacuum to the speed of
light in the medium:
index of refraction : n = c / v

One indicator of the optical density of
a material is the index of refraction
value of the material (n).
Index of refraction (n), is defined
as the ratio of the speed of light in
vacuum to the speed of light in the
medium:
index of refraction : n = c / v


REFRACTION
REFRACTION
The speed of light in a medium (v) is
given by: v = c/n

where: c = speed of light in a
vacuum ( 3 x10
8
m/s)
n = index of the refraction
(refer to Table 22.1 p. 692)

Snells Law:
sin
i
/sin
r
= v
1
/v
2

sin
i
/sin
r
=(c/n
1
)/(c/n
2
)
sin
i
/sin
r
= n
2
/n
1

In another form:
n
1
sin
i
= n
2
sin
r

In what medium in the table will light
travel the fastest? The slowest?


MATERIAL INDEX OF REFRACTION
vacuum 1.0000
air 1.0003
ice 1.31
water 1.33
ethyl alcohol 1.36
oil 1.50
crown glass 1.52
diamond 2.42

Using Snell's Law,
sin
i
/sin
r
= n
2
/n
1,

Verify that the
angle of refraction
in air to water is 32
degrees.
critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence
which provides an angle of refraction of 90-degree
Equation:

c
=sin
-1
(n
2
/n
1
)
where n
1
= index of refraction of denser medium
n
2
=index of refraction of lighter medium


Individual Practice-Individual
use 1 WSOP
Show your complete solution
Solve #s 26, 28, 29 p. 707
Solve #s 31, 32, 34, 35 p. 707
1. Why can we see objects?
2. Why does an apple appear
shiny red?
3. What factor affects the amount
of light reflected by an object,
and how it is reflected?
1. Why can we see objects?
Most things that we see (people,
cars, houses, animals, trees, etc.)
do not themselves emit visible light
but reflect incident natural sunlight
and artificial light.
2. Why does an apple
appear shiny red?
An apple appears a shiny red color
because it has a relatively smooth
surface that reflects red light and
absorbs other non-red (such as
green, blue, and yellow)
wavelengths of light.
Texture of the surface
3. What factor affects the amount
of light reflected by an object,
and how it is reflected?
Individual Practice
Answer activity sheet p. 26 and 28
Answer/solve #s 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 p. 706
(Textbook)

HW: Read chapter 22 (refraction and total
internal reflection)
Answer #s 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 p. 707, use 1/4
SOP




Fiber Optics
Fiber optics (optical
fibers) are long, thin
strands of very pure
glass about the
diameter of a human
hair.
They are arranged in
bundles called
optical cables and
used to transmit light
signals over long
distances.
Parts of a Single Optical Fiber
Core - Thin glass center
of the fiber where the light
travels
Cladding - Outer optical
material surrounding the
core that reflects the light
back into the core
Buffer coating - Plastic
coating that protects the
fiber from damage and
moisture

Uses of Fiber Optic Cables

Medical
Used as light guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for
surgeries
Defense/Government
Used as hydrophones for seismic and
SONAR uses, as wiring in aircraft,
submarines and other vehicles and
also for field networking
Data Storage
Used for data transmission
Telecommunications
Fiber is laid and used for transmitting and receiving
purposes
Uses of Fiber Optic Cables
Networking
Used to connect users and servers in a
variety of network settings and help
increase the speed and accuracy of
data transmission
Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas, as wiring
where EMI is an issue, as sensory devices to make
temperature, pressure and other measurements,
and as wiring in automobiles and in industrial settings
Broadcast/CATV
Broadcast/cable companies are using fiber optic cables for wiring
CATV, HDTV, internet, video on-demand and other applications
Uses of Fiber Optic Cables
They are also used in mechanical engineering
inspection.
Fiber optic cables are used for lighting and
imaging; as sensors to measure and monitor a vast
array of variables.
Fiber optic cables are also used in research and
development and testing across all the above
mentioned industries.