Principles of Building Design

DPWH Field Engineers Course

Contents of the Presentation:
2. Scope of Building Design
Building Design & Construction Process; Functional
Requirements; Objectives of Design
Wind/EQ Load Provisions
1. Introduction: Overview
3. Structural Design
Methods of Structural Design/Analysis; Loadings
4. Structural Design Code Provisions
5. Examples of Building Failures & Their Causes
Required Design Data; Types of Construction;
Design Revision
Proposed Building
Budget, Requirements
Building Plans
Design Professionals/Consultants
Planning, Materials, Aesthetics, Cost (Value)
Structural/Civil/Geotechnical
Construction
Permits
Supervision/Inspection
Maintenance
Building Design & Construction Process
Architectural
Electrical/Mechanical
Sanitary/Plumbing
Functional Requirements:
1. Friendly and inviting image that has positive values
to building owners, users, and observers


2. Fit the site, providing proper approaches to layout
congenial for people to live, work and play
3. Energy-efficient, providing space with controllable
climate for its users.
4. For office buildings, allow flexibility in office layout
with easily divisible space.
5. Offer space oriented to provide the best views.
6. Economical
Appropriateness
Arrangement of spaces, spans, access, and
traffic flow must complement the
intended use.
The structure should fit its environment
and be aesthetically pleasing
Objectives of Design:
Economy
Objectives of Design:
Overall cost should not exceed the budget
Teamwork/coordination during planning &
design stages will lead to overall
economy
Structural Adequacy
Objectives of Design:
Must be strong enough to safely support all
anticipated loadings
Must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a
manner that impairs its usefulness
Maintainability
Objectives of Design:
Should be designed to require a minimum of
maintenance.
To be able to be maintained in a simple
fashion.
Scope of Building Design
Architectural Design functional,
aesthetics
- Land Use Plan/Zoning Regulations
- Fire Safety
- National/Local Regulations (building
codes, ordinances, environmental
issues)
Scope of Building Design
Structural/Civil/Geotechnical
stability, serviceability
- Loadings : Gravity, Lateral
- National/Local Regulations (building/
structural codes, ordinances,
environmental issues)
- Structural Systems/Materials
Scope of Building Design
Electrical/Mechanical : functional,
serviceability
- Fire Suppression & Protection, Safety
- Lighting Systems
-Mechanical requirements: HVAC, Water
Supply
- National/Local Regulations (building
codes, ordinances, environmental
issues)
Scope of Building Design
Sanitary/Plumbing: functional,
serviceability
- Water supply systems
- Sewage/Drainage systems
- National/Local Regulations (building
codes, ordinances, environmental
issues sanitation/health)
Planning/Design Phase
1. Site Condition
Location/Accessibility
Lot Area/Dimension (Title/Ownership)
Available Parking Spaces
Subsoil Condition, Terrain
Existing Development/Existing
Structures/Utilities
Drainage System, Water Supply
Power Source
Required Design Data
2. Preliminary Design/
Plan & Site
Development
Space Organization &
Requirements
Occupancy/Usage/Access
Parking Spaces
Soil Tests Reports
Water Supply Systems
Electro-Mech. Systems
Materials Requirements
Aesthetics
Initial Cost/Budget
Required Design Data
Planning/Design Phase
Required Design Data
Planning/Design Phase
3. Final Design/Plan
Development
Project Cost (Value Engineering)
Owners Specifications/
Additional Requirements
Other Governmental Rules/
Regulations/Constraints
Changes due to actual site
Condition
Design Output Data
3. Final Design/Plan
Development
Final Working
Drawings,
Detailing &
Specifications
Project Cost
(optimum)
Planning/Design Phase
1. Site Condition
2. Preliminary Design/
Plan & Site
Development
Implementation Phase
Types of Construction (Rule IV, IRR-NBC)
Type I : Wood
Type II : Wood construction with protective
fire-resistant materials and one-
hour fire resistance
Type III : Masonry and wood construction
Type IV : Steel, Iron, Concrete or Masonry
with ceilings and permanent
partitions made of incombustible
materials
Type V : Four-hour fire resistance made of
Steel, Iron, Concrete or Masonry
Design Revisions:
Change in Types
Change in Use/Occupancy
Change in Dimension
Change in Physical Appearance
Change in Foundation Type
Methods of Structural Analysis
Factor Method
Stiffness Method : computer-aided
Portal Method
ACI Moment Coefficient
Moment Distribution Method
Methods of Structural Design
Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
Plastic Design
Load and Resistance Factor
Design (LRFD)
Working (Allowable) Stress Design
(WSD/ASD)
Loadings
Dead Loads weight of the structure
and permanent attachments
Live Loads maximum loads expected
by the intended use or occupancy
Other Loads impact, fluid pressures,
lateral pressure, ponding loads, crane
loads, equipment load, etc.
Wind Load
Seismic Load
The National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP)
Approved as a referral code of the NBCP
both by the DPWH and PRC Board of
Civil Engineering
Two (2) volumes are available:

Volume 1: Buildings, Towers and Other
Vertical Structures: (5
th
Ed. 2001)

Volume 2: Bridges: (2
nd
Ed. 1997)
Structural Design Codes
National Structural Code of the Philippines
(NSCP) 2001 Volume 1: Buildings, Towers
and Other Vertical Structures
ASEP Steel Handbook
ASEP Earthquake Design Manual
ASEP
Wind Load: Every building and every
portion thereof shall be designed
and constructed to resist the
effects of wind. ( NSCP Sec.207.1)
WIND PRESSURE
P
w
P
rw
P
rl
P
l
WIND DIR.
Analysis due to Wind
Analysis due to Wind:
Allowed Procedures
Analytical Procedure
Wind-tunnel Procedure
ANALYSIS DUE TO WIND (ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE):
Location
Velocity Pressure, qz
Wind Speed, Exposure, Topography
Structure Type /
Framing System

Enclosure Classification,
Internal & External
Pressure Coefficients,
Importance Factor, Height
Topography, Exposure,
Height, Importance
Factor, Wind Velocity
Design Wind Force, p; F

Gust Effect Factor, G or Gf

Stiffness, Exposure
Frame Analysis

Lateral Force Distribution,
Load Combinations
Design Wind Pressure, p, on Main Wind-Force
Resisting Systems:
Buildings of all heights :
p = q GC
p
q
h
(GC
pi
)
q: q
z
for windward wall at height z above ground
q
h
for leeward wall, side walls and mean roof
height
G = gust effect factor, = 0.80 for exposures
A and B, and 0.85 for exposures C and D
Cp external pressure coefficient
GCpi internal pressure coefficient
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Low-rise Buildings > mean roof height, h less
than or equal to 18 meters or does not
exceed least horizontal dimension
p = q
h
[(GC
pf
) (GC
pi
)]
q
h
= velocity wind pressure at height z = h, in Kpa
taken at mean roof height using Exposure C
for all terrain
Design Wind Pressure, p, on Main Wind-Force
Resisting Systems :
GCpf, GCpi internal pressure coefficients
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Design Wind Pressure, p, for Open Buildings
And other Structures
F = q
z
GC
f
A
f

Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
q
z
at height z above ground
G = 0.80 for exposures A and B, and 0.85 for
exposures C and D
C
f
force coefficients given in Tables 207-6
to 207-10
A
f
projected area normal to wind
Wind Zone Map
Exposure Category: refers to the conditions
of the terrain surrounding the building
site variations in ground surface
roughness that arise from natural
topography and vegetation, as well as
from constructed features.
Four (4) categories are given: A, B, C, D
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Exposure A large city centers with at least
50% of the buildings having a height in excess
of21 meters.
Exposure B urban and suburban areas,
wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous
closely spaced obstructions, having the size of
single dwellings or larger
Exposure C - open terrain with scattered
obstructions having heights generally less than
9 meters. Includes flat open country and
grasslands.
Exposure D flat, unobstructed areas exposed
to wind flowing over open water for a distance
of at least 2 km.
Enclosure Classification:
Partially Enclosed Building:
Total area of openings in a wall that receives
positive external pressure exceeds 0.5 sq.m. or
1% of the area of the wall, whichever is smaller,
and the percentage of openings in the balance of
the building envelope does not exceed 20 %
Total area of openings in a wall that receive
positive external pressure exceeds the sum of
the areas of openings in the balance of the
building envelope by more than 10 %
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Open Buildings
Enclosed Building
All walls at least 80% open
Not complying with the requirements for
open and partially enclosed building
Enclosure Classification (cont.)
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Essential Facilities- hospitals & other medical
facilities, fire & police stations, I
w
= 1.15
Hazardous Facilities- structures housing
toxic or explosive substances , I
w
= 1.15
Special Occupancy Structures for public
assembly, schools, I
w
= 1.15
Standard Occupancy Structures- structures
not listed above , I
w
= 1.00
Miscellaneous Structures, I
w
= 0.87
Importance Factor, I
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Gust Effect Factor, G or G
f

For Rigid Structures

For exposures A and B: G= 0.80
For exposures C and D: G= 0.85
For Flexible Structures, Gust Effect
Factors, G
f
shall be computed by
rational analysis
Analysis due to Wind (cont.)
Topographic Effects - Wind speed-up effects
at isolated hills, ridges, and escarpment
constituting abrupt changes in the general
topography.
Topographic Factor, K
zt
= (1 + K
1
K
2
K
3
)
2
WIND PRESSURE
P
w
P
rw
P
rl
P
l
WIND DIR.
Earthquake Load
Structures and portions thereof shall, as a
minimum, be designed and constructed to
resist the effects of seismic ground
motions.

The purpose of the earthquake provisions
is primarily to safeguard against major
structural failures and loss of life, not to
limit damage or maintain function.
NSCP Lateral (Seismic) Forces
The 2001 NSCP introduces the concept of
near-source factors.
Proposed structures close to an active fault
are to be designed for an increased base
shear compared to similar structures
located farther from an active fault.
Earthquake Load (cont.)
Static Lateral Force Procedure
Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure
Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure
Lateral Force (Seismic) Procedure
Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.):
ANALYSIS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE
Location
Frame Analysis
Zone Factor, Seismic Source Type,
Distance from the Source, Soil
Parameters
Structure Type &
Framing System
Importance Factor, Height,
Configuration, Period, Near-
Source Factors, Lateral-
Force Procedure
Base Shear, Lateral Force
Distribution (Vertical &
Horizontal), Stresses, Drift,
P-Delta Effects
Combined Forces

EQ (vertical, horizontal), DL, LL
Seismic Zone Map
Table 208-6: Seismic Source Type
Type Description Maximum Moment
Magnitude
A
Faults that are capable of
producing large magnitude
events and that have a high
rate of seismic activity
M = > 7.0
Faults that are not capable
of producing large mag.
EQs and that have a
relatively low rate of
seismic activity
C
B All faults other than A&C 6.5<= M < 7.0
M < 6.5
Seismic Source Types
Seismic Source Types
Distance from the Seismic Source
Site Geology/Soil Characteristics

Soil Profile Type Description
S
A
Hard Rock
S
B
Rock
S
C
Very Dense Soil & Soft
Rock
S
D
Stiff Soil
S
E
Soft Soil
S
F
Soil requiring site
specific evaluation
I. Essential Facilities- hospitals & other medical
facilities, fire & police stations, etc >> I = 1.25
II. Hazardous Facilities- structures housing,
supporting or containing quantities of toxic or
explosive substances >> I = 1.25
III. Special Occupancy Structures for public
assembly, schools, day care centers >> I = 1.00
IV. Standard Occupancy Structures- structures
having occupancy not listed above >> I = 1.00
V. Miscellaneous Structures >> I = 1.00
Seismic Importance Factors
Regular Structures : No significant
physical discontinuities in plan or vertical
configuration or in their lateral force
resisting systems
Configuration Requirements
Low height-to-base ratio
Balanced resistance
Symmetrical plan
Uniform section and elevation
Maximum torsional resistance
Short spans
Direct load paths
Uniform floor heights
Irregular Structures: Have significant
physical discontinuities in configuration
or in their lateral force resisting systems
Refer to Table 208-9 & 208-10, NSCP 2001
for Irregularity Types & Definitions
Configuration Requirements
Irregular Structures: Vertical Irregularities
Irregular Structures: Plan Irregularities
REFERENCE TABLE 208-4 (Near-Source Factor Na)
0.0
1.0
2.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Distance to Source (km)
N
a
Source Type A
Source Type B
Table 208-7: Seismic Coefficient, Ca
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z
S
A
Z= 0.20
0.16
Z= 0.40
S
F
S
E
S
D
S
C
S
B 0.20
0.24
0.28
0.34
0.32Na
0.40Na
0.40Na
0.44Na
0.36Na
To be determined from geotechnical investigation
& dynamic site response analysis
Type
REFERENCE TABLE 208-5 (Near-Source Factor Nv)
0.0
1.0
2.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Distance to Source (km)
N
v
Source Type A
Source Type B
Table 208-8: Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Soil Profile Seismic Zone Factor, Z
S
A
Z= 0.20
0.16
Z= 0.40
S
F
S
E
S
D
S
C
S
B 0.20
0.32
0.40
0.64
0.32Nv
0.40Nv
0.56Nv
0.64Nv
0.96Nv
To be determined from geotechnical investigation
& dynamic site response analysis
Type
Simplified Static Lateral Force Procedure
1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single
family dwellings) not more than three
stories in height excluding basements,
that use light-frame construction
2. Other buildings not more than two stories
in height excluding basements.
Applies to following structures of Occupancy
Category IV or V:
Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.)
Simplified Design Base Shear, V:
V = -----------
3.0 C
a
R
W
F
x1
= -----------
3.0 C
a
R
W
1
F
x2
F
x1
W
1
W
2
V
F
x2
= -----------
3.0 C
a
R
W
2
Static Lateral Force Procedure
2. Regular structures under 75 m in height
3. Irregular structures not more than five
stories nor 20 meters in height
1. All structures, regular or irregular, in
Occupancy Category IV or V in Seismic
Zone 2.
Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.)
Design Base Shear, V:
C
v
I
V = ----W
RT
Need not exceed:
2.5 C
a
I
V = ------- W
R
Shall not be less than:
Shall not be less than ( for Seismic Zone 4 only):
V = 0.11 C
a
I W
0.8 ZN
v
I
V = -------- W
R
STRUCTURE PERIOD,T

Method A:
T = C
t
h
n
3/4

Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting
frames
= 0.0731 RC moment frames and eccentric
braced frames
= 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn = height in meters above the base
Approximate Building Periods in seconds (FEMA)
F
t
+ F
x+3
h
x+3
h
x+2
h
x+1
h
x
Vertical Distribution of Force
V
(V-Ft) W
x
h
x
F
x
=--------------
W
i
h
i
W
x
W
x+1
W
x+2
W
x+3
F
x
F
x+1
F
x+2
n
i=1
F
t
=0.07TV <=0.25V
F
t
=0 if T<=0.7 sec
F
x
design seismic
force at level x
F
t
portion of base
shear
concentrated
at top
V
x
= story shear
Vx
Vx
Vx
Vx
V = base shear
HORIZONTAL TORSIONAL MOMENT
1
C
2 3 4
B
A
Torsional Moments:
M
ty
= Vx
N-S
(ex+ex
a
)
M
tx
= Vx
E-W
(ey+ey
a
)
Vx
N-S
Vx
E-W
ex
ey
CM
CR
Vx
N-S
Vx
E-W
CM
CR
F = (R/R)V Mt Rd/Rd
2
d-dist of each
element from CR
d
F2
d
Direct Shear Torsional Shear
HORIZONTAL TORSIONAL MOMENT
F1

S
V
h
Drift Limitations 208.5.10
T < 0.7s: M 0.025 h
T 0.7s: M 0.020 h
Drift Limitations
Expected Maximum Inelastic Drift 208.5.9

M
= 0.7 R
S
(208-17)


S
- total story drift due to
design seismic forces
Story Drift displacement of one level relative
to the level above or below it.

m
- total story drift due to
design basis ground motion

M1

M2

MT

Building Separation
Clear gap between adjacent buildings

MT
= (
M1
2
+
M2
2
)

M1
&
M2
are the displacements of adjacent
buildings
P-DELTA EFFECTS
The resulting member forces and moments
and the story drifts induced by P- effects
shall be considered in the evaluation of the
overall structural frame stability.
P- effects need not be considered when
the story drift does not exceed 0.02/R.
Secondary Moment /Primary M 0.10

2
a b c
Va = V
Ma = V*h
h
P
V
P
V
P
V
Vb = V
Mb = (V*h)+(P*
1
)
Vc=V
Mc = (V*h)+
P(
1
+
2
)
Va
Vb
Vc
Ma
Mb
Mc
P-DELTA EFFECTS
Dynamic Analysis
Structures 75 m. or more in height
Structures having stiffness, weight or geometric
irregularity
Structures over five stories or 20 meters in height
in Zone 4 not having the same structural
system throughout their height
Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil
Profile Type S
F
that have a period greater than
0.70 sec. The analysis shall include the effect
of the soil at the site
Analysis due to Earthquake (cont.)
Load Combinations :
Buildings must be designed to sustain
without excessive deformation or failure
combinations of service loads that will
produce the most unfavorable effects.
Note that the most critical effect may
occur when one or more of the contributing
loads are not acting.
Note: Wind and seismic loads shall not be
considered acting simultaneously.
Load Combinations (cont.) :
Earthquake Loads:
E = E
h
+E
v
E
m
=
o
E
h
+E
v
E- earthquake load
E
h
EQ load due to base shear V

E
m
estimated max. earthquake load due to that
can be developed in a structure

E
v
load effect due to vertical component of the
earthquake ground motion = 0.5 Ca I D

o
seismic force amplification factor Table 208-11

reliability/redundancy factor
A new factor for overstrength o has
replaced (3/8) Rw for use in special local
cases where the maximum earthquake
force is required, such as columns
suppoting discontinuous shear walls, weak
stories, and collector elements.
Seismic Lateral Force: Overstrength Factor
E
m
=
o
E
h

o
~ (3/8) Rw
The o factor is therefore applied to the
design of elements and connections whose
yield or failure could result in local or
general collapse.

Load Combinations : LRFD
1.4 D (203-1)
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 L
r
(203-2)
1.2 D + 1.6 L
r
+ (f
1
L or 0.8 W) (203-3)
1.2 D + 1.3 W + f
1
L + 0.5 L
r
(203-4)
1.2 D + 1.0 E + f
1
L (203-5)
0.9 D (1.0 E or 1.3 W) (203-6)
D - dead load L - live load W wind load
Lr roof live load E - earthquake load
f
1
= 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,
for live loads in excess of 4.8kpa, and for
garage live load
= 0.5 for other live loads
D - dead load L - live load W wind load
Lr roof live load E - earthquake load
f
1
= 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,
for live loads in excess of 4.8kpa, and for
garage live load
= 0.5 for other live loads
Load Combinations : RC & Masonry
1.4 D + 1.7 L (409-1)
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.7 W) (409-2)
0.9 D + 1.3 W (409-3)
1.32 D + 1.1 f
1
L + 1.1 E (409-4)
0.99 D 1.1 E (409-5)
Load Combinations: Allowable Stress Design
D (203-7)
D + L + L
r
(203-8)
D + (W or E/1.4) (203-9)
0.9 D E/1.4 (203-10)
D + 0.75 [L + L
r
+ (W or E/1.4)] (203-11)
Note: No increase in allowable stresses
shall be used with these load combinations