Unit 5

CIRCUIT THEORY
EE6201
UNIT-5
ANALYSING THREE PHASE CIRCUITS
IFETCE/EEE & ECE /COMBINED COPY /I YEAR/II SEM/EE 6201/PPT/VER1.0
SYLLABUS
Three phase balanced / unbalanced voltage
sources analysis of three phase 3-wire and
4-wire circuits with star and delta connected
loads, balanced & un balanced phasor
diagram of voltages and currents power
and power factor measurements in three
phase circuits.

IFETCE/EEE & ECE /COMBINED COPY /I
YEAR/II SEM/EE 6201/PPT/VER1.0

Three Phase Circuits
Chapter Objectives:
Be familiar with different three-phase configurations and how
to analyze them.
Know the difference between balanced and unbalanced circuits
Learn about power in a balanced three-phase system
Know how to analyze unbalanced three-phase systems
Be able to use PSpice to analyze three-phase circuits
Apply what is learnt to three-phase measurement and
residential wiring

It is a system produced by a generator consisting of three sources
having the same amplitude and frequency but out of phase with each
other by 120.
What is a Three-Phase Circuit?
Three sources
with 120 out
of phase
Four wired
system
Advantages:

1. Most of the electric power is generated and distributed in
three-phase.
2. The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be
constant.
3. The amount of power, the three-phase system is more
economical that the single-phase.
4. In fact, the amount of wire required for a three-phase system
is less than that required for an equivalent single-phase
system.
What is a Three-Phase Circuit?
Three phase balanced voltage sources
A three-phase generator consists of a rotating magnet
(rotor) surrounded by a stationary winding (stator).
A three-phase generator The generated voltages
Balance Three-Phase Voltages
Two possible configurations:
Three-phase voltage sources: (a) Y-connected ; (b) -connected
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out
of phase with each other by 120.

The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages
pass through their respective maximum values.

A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are
equal in magnitude and in phase
Example 1

Determine the phase sequence of the set of
voltages.
) 110 cos( 200
) 230 cos( 200
) 10 cos( 200
=
=
+ =
t v
t v
t v
cn
bn
an
e
e
e
Solution:

The voltages can be expressed in phasor form as

We notice that V
an
leads V
cn
by 120 and V
cn
in turn leads V
bn

by 120.

Hence, we have an acb sequence.
V 110 200 V
V 230 200 V
V 10 200 V
Z =
Z =
Z =
cn
bn
an
Balance Three-Phase Connection
Four possible connections
1. Y-Y connection (Y-connected source with a Y-
connected load)
2. Y- connection (Y-connected source with a -
connected load)
3. - connection
4. -Y connection
A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced y-
connected source and a balanced y-connected load.
ca bc ab L
cn bn an p
p L
V
V
V V
V V V
V V V
where , 3
= = =
= = =
=
Example 2
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system
shown below:
A 2 . 98 81 . 6 I
A 8 . 141 81 . 6 I
A 8 . 21 81 . 6 I
Ans
Z =
Z =
Z =
c
b
a
A balanced Y- system is a three-phase system with a balanced y-
connected source and a balanced -connected load.
CA BC AB p
c b a L
p L
I
I
I I
I I I
I I I
where , 3
= = =
= = =
=
Example 3
A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with ( ) is
connected to a -connected load (8+j4)O per phase. Calculate the
phase and line currents.

Solution

Using single-phase analysis,

Other line currents are obtained using the abc phase sequence
Z = 10 100 V
an
A 57 . 16 54 . 33
57 . 26 981 . 2
10 100
3 / Z
V
I
an
Z =
Z
Z
= =
A
a
A balanced - system is a three-phase system with a balanced -
connected source and a balanced -connected load.
Example 4
A balanced -connected load having an impedance 20-j15 O is connected
to a -connected positive-sequence generator having ( ).
Calculate the phase currents of the load and the line currents.

Ans:

The phase currents

The line currents
V 0 330 V
ab
Z =
A 87 . 156 2 . 13 I A; 13 . 81 2 . 13 I A; 87 . 36 2 . 13 I Z = Z = Z =
AB BC AB
A 87 . 126 86 . 22 I A; 13 . 113 86 . 22 I A; 87 . 6 86 . 22 I Z = Z = Z =
c b a
A balanced -Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced y-
connected source and a balanced y-connected load.
Example 5
A balanced Y-connected load with a phase impedance 40+j25 O is
supplied by a balanced, positive-sequence -connected source with a
line voltage of 210V. Calculate the phase currents. Use V
ab
as reference.

Answer

The phase currents
A; 58 57 . 2 I
A; 178 57 . 2 I
A; 62 57 . 2 I
Z =
Z =
Z =
CN
BN
AN
Power in a Balanced System
Comparing the power loss in (a) a single-phase system, and (b) a three-
phase system
phase - single , 2 '
2
2
L
L
loss
V
P
R P = phase - three , ' '
2
2
L
L
loss
V
P
R P =
If same power loss is tolerated in both system, three-phase
system use only 75% of materials of a single-phase system
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an
unbalanced load.
)
I I I ( I
,
Z
V
I ,
Z
V
I ,
Z
V
I
c b a n
C
CN
c
B
BN
b
A
AN
a
+ + =
= = =
To calculate power in an unbalanced three-phase system
requires that we find the power in each phase.
The total power is not simply three times the power in one phase
but the sum of the powers in the three phases.
Three phase Unbalanced voltage
sources
Unbalanced Three-Phase Systems
Example 6
Determine the total average power, reactive power, and complex power
at the source and at the load
Ans
At the source:
S
s
= -(2087 + j834.6) VA
P
a
= -2087W
P
r
= -834.6VAR

At the load:
S
L
= (1392 + j1113) VA
P
a
= 1392W
P
r
= 1113VAR

Three phase Circuits
An AC generator designed to develop a single sinusoidal voltage for each
rotation of the shaft (rotor) is referred to as a single-phase AC generator.
If the number of coils on the rotor is increased in a specified manner, the
result is a Polyphase AC generator, which develops more than one AC
phase voltage per rotation of the rotor
In general, three-phase systems are preferred over single-phase systems
for the transmission of power for many reasons.
1. Thinner conductors can be used to transmit the same kVA at the same
voltage, which reduces the amount of copper required (typically about 25%
less).

2. The lighter lines are easier to install, and the supporting structures can be
less massive and farther apart.

3. Three-phase equipment and motors have preferred running and starting
characteristics compared to single-phase systems because of a more even flow
of power to the transducer than can be delivered with a single-phase supply.

4. In general, most larger motors are three phase because they are essentially
self-starting and do not require a special design or additional starting circuitry.
a) Single phase systems two-wire
type
b) Single phase systems three-wire
type.
Allows connection to both 120 V and
240 V.
Two-phase three-wire
system.
The AC sources operate at
different phases.
Single Phase, Three phase Circuits
Three-phase Generator
The three-phase generator has three induction coils placed 120 apart on the
stator.
The three coils have an equal number of turns, the voltage induced across
each coil will have the same peak value, shape and frequency.
Balanced Three-phase Voltages
Three-phase four-wire
system
Neutral Wire
A Three-phase Generator
Voltages having 120 phase
difference
Balanced Three phase Voltages
a) Wye Connected Source b) Delta Connected Source
a) abc or positive sequence b) acb or negative sequence
0
120
240
an p
bn p
cn p
V V
V V
V V
= Z
= Z
= Z
0
120
240
an p
bn p
cn p
V V
V V
V V
= Z
= Z +
= Z +
Neutral Wire
Balanced Three phase Loads
a) Wye-connected load b) Delta-connected load
1 2 3
Conversion of Delta circuit to Wye or Wye to Delta.
Balanced Impedance Conversion:

Y
a b c
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
A
= = =
= = =
1
Z 3 Z
3
Y Y
Z Z
A A
= =
A Balanced load has equal impedances on all the phases
Three phase Connections
Both the three phase source and the three phase load can be connected either
Wye or DELTA.
We have 4 possible connection types.
Y-Y connection
Y- connection
- connection
-Y connection
Balanced connected load is more common.
Y connected sources are more common.
Balanced Wye-wye Connection
A balanced Y-Y system, showing the source, line and load impedances.
Source
Impedance
Line Impedance
Load Impedance
Phase voltages are: V
an
, V
bn
and V
cn.

The three conductors connected from a to A, b to B and c to C are called
LINES.
The voltage from one line to another is called a LINE voltage
Line voltages are: V
ab
, V
bc
and V
ca

Magnitude of line voltages is 3 times the magnitude of phase voltages. V
L
=
3 V
p

Line current I
n
add up to zero.
Neutral current is zero:
I
n
= -(I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
)= 0

Magnitude of line voltages is 3 times the magnitude of phase voltages. V
L
=
3 V
p

3
0 , 120 ,
30
3 90
3 21
120
0
an p bn p cn p
ab an nb an bn
bc bn cn
ca cn an
p
p
an bn p
V
V V V V V V
V V V V V
V V V
V V V
V
V V V
= Z = Z = Z+
= + = =
= =
Z
Z
= + Z = =
Line current I
n
add up to zero.
Neutral current is zero:
I
n
= -(I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
)= 0
Phasor diagram of phase and line voltages
= 3 3 3 = 3
L ab bc ca
an bn cn p
p an bn cn
V V V V
V V V V
V V V V
= = =
= =
= = =
Single Phase Equivalent of Balanced Y-Y Connection
Balanced three phase circuits can be analyzed on per phase basis.
.

We look at one phase, say phase a and analyze the single phase equivalent
circuit.
Because the circuit is balanced, we can easily obtain other phase values
using their phase relationships.
an
a
Y
V
I
Z
=
Analysis of three phase 3-wire and 4-wire circuits with
star and delta connected loads, balanced & un
balanced
AB
AB
BC
BC
CA
CA
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z
A
A
A
=
=
=
Line currents are obtained from the phase currents I
AB
, I
BC
and I
CA
3 30
3 30
3 30
a AB CA
b BC AB
c CA BC
AB
BC
CA
I I I
I I I
I
I
I I I
I
= =
= =
Z
Z
Z = =
3
L a b c
p AB BC CA
L p
I I I I
I I I I
I I
= = =
= = =
=
Phasor diagram of voltages and currents
3
Z
A

Single phase equivalent circuit of the balanced Wye-delta connection
Phasor diagram of phase and line currents
3
L a b c
p AB BC CA
L p
I I I I
I I I I
I I
= = =
= = =
=
Balanced Delta-delta Connection
Both the source and load are Delta connected and balanced.
, ,
a AB CA b BC AB c CA BC
I I I I I I I I I = = =
, ,
BC CA AB
AB BC CA
V V V
I I I
Z Z Z
A A A
= = =
Balanced Delta-wye Connection
30
3
p
V Z
Transforming a Delta connected
source to an equivalent Wye
connection
Single phase equivalent of Delta Wye
connection
Power and power factor measurements
in three phase circuits

2 cos( ) 2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( ) 2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( 120 )
cos( ) cos( ) cos( 120 ) cos( 120 )
2
cos( 120 ) co
AN p BN p
CN p
a p b p
c p
a b c AN a BN b CN c
p p
v V t v V t
v V t
i I t i I t
i I t
p p p p v i v i v i
t t t t
p V I
t
e e
e
e u e u
e u
e e u e e u
e
= =
= +
= =
= +
= + + = + +
+ +
=
+
( )
Using the above identity and simplifying, =2 t- we obtain

s( 120 )
1
cos cos [cos( ) cos( )]
2
that:
1
3cos
2

cos 2 o os 3 c c s
p p p p
t
A B A B A B
V V I I p
o e u
e u
o u u o
(
(
| |
=
| (
\ .

(
+

= + +
= + +
The important consequences of the instantenous power equation of a
balanced three phase system are:
The instantenous power is not function of time.
The total power behaves similar to DC power.
This result is true whether the load is Y or connected.
T
3 cos
p p
p V I u
A
=
he per phase is obtained as .
3

AVERAGE POWE

R
cos
3
p
p p p
p
P V I
p
P
u = =
=
The complex power per phase is S
p
. The total complex power for all phases
is S.
p
p
p p p p p
3 cos
1
= cos
3
1
= sin
(Total Instantenous Power)
(Average Power per phase)
(Reactive Pow
3

er per phase)
(Apparent Power per pha
S V I
s

e

)
p p
p p
p p
p p p
p V I
P p V I
Q p V I
S V I
P jQ
u
u
u
-
=
=
=
=
= + =
p p

and refer to magnitude val
C
ues whereas
V and I refer to phasor
omplex power for e
values (Both magn
ach pha
itude a
se
nd phase)
p p
V I
The complex power per phase is S
p
. The total complex power for all phases
is S.
p p p p p
p p p
p p p
Complex power for each phase
Total Complex power for three phas
S V I
S= 3S 3V I
3 3 cos 3 cos
3 3 sin 3 sin
S=3S 3V
e
I 3
a b c p p p L L
a b c p p p L L
P jQ
P jQ
P P P P P V I V I
Q Q Q Q Q V I V I
I
u u
u u
-
-
-
= + =
+ = =
= + + = = =
= + + = = =
= =
2
p
p p L
2
p
Total complex power
Total complex power using
, , and are all rms values, is the load imp
3

line val
edance
3
angl
s ue
e
p
p
L L
L
V I V I
V
Z
Z
P jQ V I u
u
-
=
= + = Z S
Notice the values of V
p
, V
L
, I
p
, I
L
for different load connections.
2
p
2
p p p
p
p
p L
, , and are all rms values, is the load impe
To
da
3
S=3S 3V I 3
nce
al c
an
3
omplex ower
gle
p
L
p
p
L L
V
V
I Z
Z
P
V
V I
I
jQ
I u
u
-
-
= = =
= + = Z S
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
p
V
p
V
p
I
p
I
p
I
p
V
L
V
p
I
p
V
L
V
L
V
p
V
p
I
p
I
p
Y connected load. connected load.
3
L p L p
V V I I = =
3
L p L p
V V I I = =
Single versus Three phase systems
Three phase systems uses lesser amount of wire than single phase systems
for the same line voltage V
L
and same power delivered.
a) Single phase system b) Three phase system
2 2
' 2 ' 2
Wire Material for Single phase 2( ) 2 2
(2) 1.33
Wire Material for Three phase 3( ) 3 3
r l r
r l r
t
t
= = = =
If same power loss is tolerated in both system, three-phase system use
only 75% of materials of a single-phase system

V
L
=840 V (Rms)
Capacitors for pf
Correction
I
L

73650
50.68A
3 3840
Without Pf Correction
L
L
S
I
V
= = =
Unbalanced Three Phase Systems
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or unbalanced
load.
In a unbalanced system the neutral current is NOT zero.
Unbalanced three phase Y connected load.
Line currents DO NOT add up to
zero.
I
n
= -(I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
) 0

Three Phase Power Measurement
Two-meter method for measuring three-phase power
Residential Wiring
Single phase three-wire residential wiring

Unit 5

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CIRCUIT THEORY

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