Enzymes: A Protein With Catalytic Properties Due To Its Power of Specific Activation

ENZYMES
A protein with catalytic properties due to its

power of specific activation
Chemical reactions
Chemical reactions need an initial input of energy =

THE ACTIVATION ENERGY
During this part of the reaction the molecules are

said to be in a transition state.
Reaction pathway
Main! reactions !o "aster
Increasing the temperature make molecules move

faster
Biological systems are very sensitive to temperature

changes.
Enzymes can increase the rate of reactions without

increasing the temperature.
hey do this by lowering the activation energy.
hey create a new reaction pathway !a short cut"

An en#yme controlle$ pathway
Enzyme controlled reactions proceed #$% to #$## times faster

than corresponding non&enzymic reactions.
En#yme str%ct%re
Enzymes are
proteins
hey have a
!lo&%lar shape
' comple( '()

structure
H%man pancreatic amylase

The acti*e site
)ne part of an enzyme*

the active site* is
particularly important
he shape and the

chemical en*ironment
inside the active site
permits a chemical
reaction to proceed
more easily
Co"actors
'n additional non&

protein molecule that is
needed by some
enzymes to help the
reaction
ightly bound cofactors

are called prosthetic
groups
Cofactors that are bound

and released easily are
called coenzymes
+any vitamins are

coenzymes
Nitrogenase enzyme with Fe, Mo and ADP cofactors
The s%&strate
he substrate of an enzyme are the reactants

that are activated by the enzyme
Enzymes are speci"ic to their substrates
he specificity is determined by the acti*e

site
The +oc an$ ,ey Hypothesis
,it between the substrate and the active site of the enzyme is
e(act
-ike a key fits into a lock very precisely
he key is analogous to the enzyme and the substrate

analogous to the lock.
emporary structure called the enzyme&substrate comple(

formed
.roducts have a different shape from the substrate
)nce formed* they are released from the active site
-eaving it free to become attached to another substrate

Enzyme may
be used again
Enzyme-
substrate
complex
E
S
P
E
E
P
Reaction coordinate
his e(plains enzyme specificity
his e(plains the loss of activity when

enzymes denature
The In$%ce$ -it Hypothesis
/ome proteins can change their shape

0conformation1
2hen a substrate combines with an enzyme* it

induces a change in the enzyme3s conformation
he active site is then moulded into a precise

conformation
+aking the chemical environment suitable for the

reaction
he bonds of the substrate are stretched to make the

reaction easier 0lowers activation energy1
The In$%ce$ -it Hypothesis
his e(plains the enzymes that can react with a

range of substrates of similar types
4e(okinase 0a1 without 0b1 with glucose substrate
http566www.biochem.arizona.edu6classes6bioc7896789a6:)E/6E:;<+E/6enzyme=mechanism.html
-actors a""ectin! En#ymes
substrate concentration
p4
temperature
inhibitors
S%&strate concentration. Non(en#ymic reactions
he increase in velocity is proportional to the

substrate concentration
Reaction
velocity
Substrate concentration
S%&strate concentration. En#ymic reactions
,aster reaction but it reaches a saturation point when all the

enzyme molecules are occupied.
If you alter the concentration of the en#yme then V

ma/
will
change too.
Reaction
velocity
Substrate concentration
V
max
The e""ect o" pH
Optimum pH values
Enzyme
activity
Trypsin
Pepsin
pH
1
!
" # 11
The e""ect o" pH
E(treme p4 levels will produce $enat%ration
he structure of the enzyme is changed
he active site is distorted and the substrate

molecules will no longer fit in it
't p4 values slightly different from the enzyme3s

optimum value* small changes in the charges of the
enzyme and it3s substrate molecules will occur
his change in ionisation will affect the binding of

the substrate with the active site.
The e""ect o" temperat%re
>#$ 0the temperat%re coe""icient1 = the increase in

reaction rate with a #$?C rise in temperature.
,or chemical reactions the >#$ = 9 to @

0the rate of the reaction doubles or triples with every
#$?C rise in temperature1
Enzyme&controlled reactions follow this rule as they

are chemical reactions
BA at high temperatures proteins $enat%re
he optimum temperature for an enzyme controlled

reaction will be a balance between the >#$ and
denaturation.
Temperature $ %&
Enzyme
activity
'
1'
(' ' )' !'
*1'
+enaturation
,or most enzymes the optimum temperature is about

@$?C
+any are a lot lower*

cold water fish will die at @$?C because their
enzymes denature
' few bacteria have enzymes that can withstand very

high temperatures up to #$$?C
+ost enzymes however are fully denatured at B$?C

Inhi&itors
Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of

enzymic reactions.
he are usually specific and they work at low

concentrations.
hey block the enzyme but they do not

usually destroy it.
+any drugs and poisons are inhibitors of

enzymes in the nervous system.
The e""ect o" en#yme inhi&ition
Irre*ersi&le inhi&itors. Combine with the

functional groups of the amino acids in the
active site* irreversibly.
E/amples. nerve gases and pesticides*
containing organophosphorus* combine with
serine residues in the enzyme acetylcholine
esterase.
Re*ersi&le inhi&itors. hese can be washed

out of the solution of enzyme by dialysis.
here are two categories.
01 Competiti*e. hese
compete with the
substrate molecules for
the active site.
he inhibitor3s action is
proportional to its
concentration.
Cesembles the substrate3s
structure closely.
Enzyme inhibitor
comple
!eversible
reaction
E " #
E#
S%ccinate -%marate 2 3H
2
2 3e
(
Succinate dehydrogenase
CH
3
COOH
CH
3
COOH CHCOOH
CHCOOH
COOH
COOH
CH
3
,alonate
31 Non(competiti*e. hese are not influenced by the
concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding
irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the acti*e site1
E/amples
Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes

cytochrome o(idase.
4eavy metals* A! or H!* combine with 4SH groups.

hese can be removed by using a chelating agent such
as ED'.
Applications o" inhi&itors
Ne!ati*e "ee$&ac5 end point or end product

inhibition
5oisons snake bite* plant alkaloids and nerve

gases.
Me$icine antibiotics* sulphonamides*

sedatives and stimulants

Enzymes: A Protein With Catalytic Properties Due To Its Power of Specific Activation

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ENZYMES

A protein with catalytic properties due to its

Chemical reactions need an initial input of energy =

During this part of the reaction the molecules are

Increasing the temperature make molecules move

Biological systems are very sensitive to temperature

Enzymes can increase the rate of reactions without

hey do this by lowering the activation energy.

hey create a new reaction pathway !a short cut"

Enzyme controlled reactions proceed #$% to #$## times faster

' comple( '()

)ne part of an enzyme*

he shape and the

'n additional non&

ightly bound cofactors

Cofactors that are bound

+any vitamins are

he substrate of an enzyme are the reactants

Enzymes are speci"ic to their substrates

he specificity is determined by the acti*e

-ike a key fits into a lock very precisely

he key is analogous to the enzyme and the substrate

emporary structure called the enzyme&substrate comple(

.roducts have a different shape from the substrate

)nce formed* they are released from the active site

-eaving it free to become attached to another substrate

his e(plains enzyme specificity

his e(plains the loss of activity when

/ome proteins can change their shape

2hen a substrate combines with an enzyme* it

he active site is then moulded into a precise

+aking the chemical environment suitable for the

he bonds of the substrate are stretched to make the

his e(plains the enzymes that can react with a

he increase in velocity is proportional to the

,aster reaction but it reaches a saturation point when all the

If you alter the concentration of the en#yme then V

E(treme p4 levels will produce $enat%ration

he structure of the enzyme is changed

he active site is distorted and the substrate

't p4 values slightly different from the enzyme3s

his change in ionisation will affect the binding of

>#$ 0the temperat%re coe""icient1 = the increase in

,or chemical reactions the >#$ = 9 to @

Enzyme&controlled reactions follow this rule as they

BA at high temperatures proteins $enat%re

he optimum temperature for an enzyme controlled

,or most enzymes the optimum temperature is about

+any are a lot lower*

' few bacteria have enzymes that can withstand very

+ost enzymes however are fully denatured at B$?C

Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of

he are usually specific and they work at low

hey block the enzyme but they do not

+any drugs and poisons are inhibitors of

Irre*ersi&le inhi&itors. Combine with the

Re*ersi&le inhi&itors. hese can be washed

Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes

4eavy metals* A! or H!* combine with 4SH groups.

Ne!ati*e "ee$&ac5 end point or end product

5oisons snake bite* plant alkaloids and nerve

Me$icine antibiotics* sulphonamides*