ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

RAILWAY PLATE GIRDER

AND TRUSS BRIDGE

Prepared By : Sangita Patel

(06MCL014)
Guide By : Mr.Dhaivat parikh
Flow of Presentation
 Introduction
 Scope of Work
 Work Carried out
 Conclusion
 Future Scope of Work
 Reference
 Scope of work
 Introduction of railway plate Girder Bridge
and truss bridge.
 Study provision of IRS Loading standard
 Example of Analysis and design of the
railway plate Girder Bridge and truss bridge.
(Manual and Excel Sheet )
 Programming of Riveted plate girder bridge
in Visual Basic.
 Cost comparison of plate Girder Bridge and
truss bridge.
 Introduction
 Plate girder is used in building,
factories, and Bridges for
carrying heavy loads over span
greater than 15 m.
 It is adopted for simply
supported span in the range of
20 to 50 m and for continuous
span up to 250 m.
 It supports the sleepers over
which the steel rails are fastened
and each rails is supported on a
plate girder so that the wheel
loads are transmitted directly to
the plate girder.
 Conti....
 There are two forms of plate girder
 Welded plate girder
 Riveted plate girder

 The welded plate girder may be used up to 100

m span.

 Riveted plate girder is economically used

between 15 m to 30 m span.
 Common Section of Welded
Plate Girder
 The loads and the span
are large, plate girder
sections either with
riveted connection or
welded connection.
 The number of flange
plates can be increased
depending upon the
moment to be resisted.
 If the depth is limited and
the loads are to large ,a
box welded plate girder is
provided.

Welded section
 Common Section of Riveted
Plate Girder
 The number of flange plates can be increased depending
upon the moment to be resisted.
Elements of riveted Plate
girder
 Web Plate
 The depth of web plate depends on the bending moment
developed due to the external loads acting over plate girder.
 The depth of web plate varies from 1/8 th to 1/12 th of the span.
 The web of a plate girder is designed for shear force.

 Economical depth of web =

tw = thickness of the web

M
dw = 1.1
dw = depth of the web
σbc * tw
M = Maximum Bending Moment
 Flange plates
 Flanges of a riveted plate girder consist of pairs of
angles with or without cover plate.
 When the moment resisting capacity of the plate
girder is to be increased, flange cover plates are
provided over the flange angles.
 The net area of the tension flange =
Μ Aw
Af = -
σ b c* d w 8

Af = Area of the Flange

Aw = Area of the Web
dw = Depth of the web
 Cont….
 The flange portion consists of flange plate, flange angles, and that
part of the web, which between the flange angles.
 The flanges of plate girder is designed to resist the maximum
bending moment.
 The flange area is reduced as the bending moment decreases.
 The reduction in flange area is done by curtailing the flange plates.
 Connections
 Flange angle to web
 These rivets pass through the angles and web of a plate girder and
are designed to transmit the maximum horizontal shear force
resulting form the bending moments and vertical shear associated
due to any live load.
 It is assumed that the maximum web shear is equal to the average
shear on the web.
 The horizontal shear per unit length between the web and flange
will be same as the horizontal shear per unit length in the web it
self near the connection line.
 Conti....
 The pitch of rivets connecting flange angle to web for
loaded flange is given by
Rv
p=
 
 V Af 1 
 × 
dw ( Af 1 + 1 Aw ) 2 + ( W ) 2 

 6 


 The pitch of rivets connecting flange angle to web for

unloaded flange (W=0) is given by
Rv
p =
V Af 1
×
dw 1
( Af 1 + × Aw )
8
 Conti....
 Flange angle to web cover plate
 The rivets pass through cover plates and flange angle, and
are subjected to longitudinal shear only.
 The pitch of rivets connecting flange angle to flange plates
for tension flange is given by,

 1 
A' f + Aw
Rv × dw  
1
p = × 8 
V  A' 1 + A' 2 + .........A ' n 
 
 
 For the compression flange

 1
Af 1 + Aw

Rv ×dw  
p= × 6 
V A1 +A2 +.........A n
 
 Stiffeners
 There are two kinds of stiffeners:-
 Bearing stiffeners
 Intermediate stiffeners
 Horizontal stiffeners (Longitudinal stiffeners)
 Vertical stiffeners (Transverse stiffeners)
 The elements provided to stiffen in the web against this are called
intermediate stiffeners.
 When d/tw of the web exceed 85,the intermediate vertical stiffener
should be used.
 Conti....
 When d/tw is larger than 200,a longitudinal
stiffener is used on the web at a distance of d/5 from the
compression flange.
 When d/tw is larger than 250,a another longitudinal
stiffener is used on the web at the neutral axis.
 Intermediate Stiffeners
 The Intermediate Stiffeners are used to avoid diagonal
buckling of the web.
 Stiffeners may be joggled or crimped over the vertical
leg of the flange angles
Intermediate Stiffeners & its weld
connection
 Intermittent or continuous fillet welds are provided to
connect the flange plate with the web plate.
 The weld are design for horizontal shear
 Bearing Stiffeners
 The bearing stiffeners are attached with the web of the
plate girder to avoid local bending failure of the flange.
 The bearing stiffener are provided under concentrated
loads and at the points of supports.
 The bearing stiffener are not joggled or crimped. They
are provided straight, the back of the connected leg of
the stiffener angle will be at some distance from the
face of the web.

Arrangement of bearing stiffener

Bearing Stiffeners & its weld
connection
 The welds joining the bearing stiffeners with the web should be
designed to transmit the full reaction or load.
 The Bearing stiffeners are designed columns with the length of the
web is 20 times the thickness of the web on both sides
 Web Splice
 The plate girder web may be spliced one of the
following reasons:
 The length of the plate girder may be large

whereas the plate lengths available are limited.

 A large size plate is difficult to handle. It is also

difficult to transport such plate.

 Web splice plate are
required only when plate
girder are riveted.
 In the case of welded
plate girder the web plates
may be butt welded.

Web Splice
Moment Splice & Shear
Splice
 The number of splice plates required will be six. Four plates
(two on each side of the web) are placed over the flange angles
 These are designed to resist the web moment and are called
moment plates.
 Two plates (one on each side of the web ) are placed
on the web in between moment plates to resist shear and
are called shear plates.
 Data of Riveted plate
girder
Span of girder = 30 m

Types of bridge = Deck type plate girder bridge

Broad Gauge = gauge, single track, main line

Equivalent live load for B.M per track = 2727 kN (as per IRS)

Equivalent live load for S.F per track = 2997 kN ( as per IRS)

Yield stress for steel (fy) = 236 N/mm2

Permissible bending stress (σbc) = 141 N/mm2

Average shear stress ζva = 85 N/mm2

 Result of Riveted plate
girder
Bending Moment = 8288.65 kN.m

Shear force = 1197.78 kN

Web plate = 2500 x 8 mm

No. of plate = 3

Flange plate = 600 x 12 mm

(3 plate top and bottom = 600 x 12)

Angle section = 2ISA 125 x 95 x 12 mm

Diameter of Rivet = 22 mm
Mid Section of the riveted plate girder
 Check of the Stresses
Bending stress in compression flange

Plate 3 = 83.57 < 141 N/mm2

Plate 2 = 72.96 < 141 N/mm2

Plate 1 = 52.41 < 141 N/mm2

Bending stress in tension flange

Plate 3 = 95.19 < 141 N/mm2

Plate 2 = 84.43 < 141 N/mm2

Plate 1 = 62.58 < 141 N/mm2

Shear Stress = 59.89 < 85 N/mm2

Deflection = 34.05 < 92.31 mm

 Connection
 Connection Between Flange angle and web in Compression flange
Diameter of the rivets = 22 mm
Pitch of the rivets = 95 mm
 Connection Between Flange angle and web in Tension flange
Diameter of the rivets = 22 mm
Pitch of the rivets = 120 mm
 Connection Between Flange angle and Flange plate in Compression flange
Diameter of the rivets = 22 mm
Pitch of the rivets = 95 mm
 Connection Between Flange angle and Flange plate in Tension flange
Diameter of the rivets = 22 mm
Pitch of the rivets = 120 mm
 Stiffeners
Necessity of stiffener = Vertical as well as horizontal

Vertical stiffener
Angle section = ISA 90 x 90 x 8 mm

Moment of inertia = 289504 < 1910784 mm4

Pitch of rivets = 190 c/c mm

Diameter of Rivets = 22 mm
 Conti....
Horizontal stiffener (d1/5 depth)
Angle section = ISA 75 x 75 x 8 mm

Moment of inertia = 2273280 < 2648384 mm4

Pitch of rivets = 190 c/c mm

Diameter of Rivet = 22 mm

Horizontal stiffener (d1/2 depth)

Angle section = ISA 75 x 75 x 10 mm

Moment of inertia = 1152000 < 1404962 mm4

Pitch of rivets = 190 c/c mm

Dia. of the Rivets = 22 mm

 Conti....
Bearing Stiffener
Angle section = 4 ISA 130 x 130 x 15 mm

Load carrying Capacity = 2492.06 > 1197.78 kN

Pitch of rivets = 190 c/c mm

Dia. of the Rivets = 22 mm

Filler Plate thickness = 12 mm


 Conti....
 Splice
Splice on web plate = 2300 x 250 x 4 mm

Pitch = 60 mm

Splice over flange angle = 400 x 70 x 4 mm

Diameter of Reverts = 22 mm

No of Rivets = 3 (each side)

Pitch = 60 mm
 Bracing
 Top lateral Bracing
Angle section = 2 ISA 80 x 80 x 8 mm
Load Carrying Capacity = 251.42 < 576.31 kN
 Bottom lateral Bracing
Angle section = 2 ISA 50 x 50 x 6 mm
Load Carrying Capacity = 62.85 < 65.89 kN
 End strut
Load Carrying Capacity = 251.42 < 493.28 kN
Angle section = ISA 80 x 80 x 8 mm

 Diagonal member
Angle section = 2 ISA 80 x 80 x 12 mm
Load Carrying Capacity = 350.23 < 420.32 kN

 End cross Frame

Angle section = 2 ISA 80 x 80 x 12 mm
Load Carrying Capacity = 366 .43 < 420.32 kN
Cross section Frame
Details of Riveted plate
girder
 Data of Welded plate
girder
Span of girder = 30 m

Types of bridge = Deck type plate girder bridge

Broad Gauge = gauge, single track, main line

Equivalent live load for B.M per track = 2727 (as per IRS) kN

Equivalent live load for S.F per track = 2997 ( as per IRS) kN

Yield stress for steel (fy) = 236 N/mm2

Permissible bending stress (σbc) = 141 N/mm2

Average shear stress ζva = 85 N/mm2

Result of Welded plate
girder
Bending Moment = 8288.65 kN.m
Shear force = 1197.78 kN
Web plate = 2000 x 12 mm
Flange plate = 700 x 40 mm

Mid section of the girder

 Check of the stresses
Bending stress = 130.08 < 158 N/mm2

Shear stress = 49.91 < 87 N/mm2

Deflection = 48.75 < 92.31 mm

Reduction in the flange plate = 700 x 30 mm

= 700 x 25 mm

Connection Between flange and Web

Size of the Weld = 5 mm size 40 mm long weld ,120 mm c/c

spacing
 Stiffeners
Necessity of stiffener = web stiffened Vertical

Vertical stiffener

Moment of inertia = 5184000 < 5760000 mm4

Size of plate = 120 x 10 mm
Size of weld = 5 mm size 120 mm
long at a 190mm c/c spacing
Bearing stiffener
Size of plate = 300 x 25 mm

Area required = 8555.56 < 21060 mm2

Size of weld = 6 mm size 120 mm long at a 200mm c/c spacing

 Bracing
Top Lateral Bracing

Angle section = ISA 100 x 75 x 10

Bottom Lateral Bracing

Angle section = ISA 80 x 80 x 10

Diagonal member

Angle section = ISA 80 x 80 x 10

End Strut

Angle section = ISA 100 x 75 x 10

End Cross Frame

Angle section = ISA 80 x 80 x 8

Details of Welded plate
girder
Input Data for software
Shear force and bending
moment
Conti....
Conti....
Conti....
Check for Bending stress
Check for shear
Vertical Stiffeners
Horizontal Stiffeners
Bearing Stiffener
Splice
 Variation of bending stress in
riveted plate girder of span = 30
Bending Stress
m
100.00 150.00
(Compression)

Bending Stress
80.00
60.00
100.00

(Tension)
40.00
50.00
20.00
0.00 0.00
250 208 179 250 208 179

Plate 1 55.62 58.70 66.20 Plate 1 66.77 70.80 80.90

Plate 2 75.14 81.44 81.51 Plate 2 92.87 96.41 101.65

Plate 3 89.05 89.70 90.42 Plate 3 102.05 103.50 105.00

D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress for depth -2500 mm
Bending Stress

Bending Stress
(Compression)

150.00 150.00

(Tension)
100.00 100.00

50.00 50.00

0.00 0.00
220 183 157 220 183 157

Plate 1 47.88 50.73 56.81 Plate 1 56.71 60.35 67.87

Plate 2 71.13 73.35 89.84 Plate 2 88.82 96.81 121.76

Plate 3 87.40 92.58 97.50 Plate 3 99.17 105.57 112.51

D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress for depth -2200 mm
Bending Stress
(Compression) Conti....

Bending Stress
150.00 150.00

(Tension)
100.00 100.00

50.00 50.00

0.00
200 167 143 0.00
200 167 143
Plate 1 49.40 53.30 57.30 Plate 1 58.40 63.20 68.30
Plate 2 74.64 78.21 87.88 Plate 2 85.61 97.48 110.87
Plate 3 86.96 95.54 97.76 Plate 3 98.30 108.60 111.70
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress for depth - 2000 mm
Bending Stress
(Compression)

100 150

Bending Stress
80

(Tension)
60 100
40
50
20
0 0
313 275 250 313 275 250
Plate 1 52.41 46.68 45.59 Plate 1 62.58 55.02 53.47
Plate 2 72.96 71.93 74.94 Plate 2 84.43 89.42 87.82
Plate 3 83.57 88.81 87.12 Plate 3 95.19 100.44 98.13
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress due to depth Variation and Web thickness 8 mm
Variation of Deflection in riveted
plate girder
36 43
42

Deflection
Deflection

35.5 41
40
35
39
38
34.5
37

34 36
250 208 179 220 183 157

Series1 34.54 35.05 35.56 Series1 38.57 39.2 42.27

D/tw D/tw

Effect of deflection for depth - 2500 mm Effect of deflection For depth - 2200 mm

50
49
40

Deflection
48
Deflection

47
30
46
45 20

44 10
43
0
42 313 275 250
200 167 143

Series1 44.47 46.12 47.87 Series1 34.05 39.4 44.49

D/tw D/tw
Effect of deflection For depth - 2000 mm Effect of deflection due to Variation in depth
and web thickness 8 mm
Variation in Quantity in riveted
plate girder
39500 39500
39000 39000
Quantity

Quantity
38500
38500
38000
38000
37500
37000 37500

36500 37000
250 208 179 220 183 157

Series1 38970 37680 39108 Series1 37928 39210 39293

D/tw D/tw
Effect of Quantity For depth - 2500 mm Effect of Quantity For depth –2200 mm

38500
39500
38000
39000
Quantity
Quantity

37500
38500
37000
38000
36500
37500

37000
36000
200 167 143 313 275 250

38099 38707 39388 Series1 38188 36874 37715

Series1
D/tw D/tw
Effect of Quantity For depth - 2000 mm Effect of Quantity due to variation in depth
and web thickness 8 mm
Variation of Shear stress in Riveted
plate girder

50.00 60.00

Shear Stress
Shear Stress

50.00
40.00
40.00
30.00
30.00
20.00 20.00
10.00 10.00
0.00
0.00 220 183 157
250 208 179
Series1 54.44 45.37 38.89
Series1 47.15 39.93 34.42
D/tw
D/tw
Effect of shear stress For depth - 2500 mm Effect of shear stress For depth –2200 mm

80 80
Shear Stress

Shear Stress
60 60

40 40

20 20

0
200 167 143 0
313 275 250
Series1 59.89 49.91 42.78
Series1 59.89 68.06 74.86
D/tw
D/tw
Effect of shear stress for depth - 2000 mm Effect of shear stress due to Variation in depth
and Web thickness 8 mm
 Variation of bending stress in
Welded plate girder due to span =
30 m
150 155
Bending stress

Bending stress
148
146 150
144
142 145
140
138 140
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1
Bending 149.45 146.45 142.82 Bending 153.31 148.98 144.89
stress stress
D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress For 2000 mm Effect of bending stress For depth - 2200 mm

135 150

Bending stress
Bending stress

130 140

125 130

120 120
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3

Bending 132.23 128.08 124.17 Bending 146.35 130.08 130.94

stress stress

D/tw D/tw
Effect of bending stress For depth Effect of bending stress due to depth variation
- 2500 mm and Web thickness12 mm
 Variation of shear stress in
Welded plate girder
80 60

Shear stress
Shear stress

60
40
40
20
20

0 0
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1
Shear 59.89 49.91 42.78 Shear 54.44 45.37 38.89
stress stress
D/tw D/tw

Effect of shear stress For depth - 2000 mm Effect of shear stress For depth -2200 mm

60 100

Shear stress
Shear stress

80
40
60
40
20
20
0 0
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3

Shear 47.91 39.93 34.22 Shear 55.45 79.91 45.37

stress stress

D/tw D/tw

Effect of shear stress For depth - 2500 mm Effect of shear stress due to in depth variation
and Web thickness12 mm
Variation on deflection in Welded
plate girder
57 54

56 53

Deflaction
Deflaction

52
55
51
54
50
53 49
52 48
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1

Quantity 56.28 55.01 53.78 Quantity 52.88 51.39 49.98

D/tw D/tw
Effect of deflection For depth - 2000 Effect of deflection For depth -2200 mm

41 80

40
Deflaction

Deflaction
60
39
40
38

37 20

36 0
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3
Quantity 40.27 39.00 37.81
Quantity 60.69 48.75 44.97
D/tw
D/tw

Effect of deflection For depth - 2500 mm Effect of deflection due to depth variation
and Web thickness12 mm
 Variation of Quantity in
Welded plate girder
36000 36000
35000
35000
34000
Quantity

34000

Quantity
33000
33000
32000
32000 31000
31000 30000
30000 29000
200.0 166.7 142.9 220.0 183.3 157.1

Deflaction 31826 33455 35031 Deflaction 31551 33466 35351

D/tw D/tw

Effect of Quantity For depth - 2000 mm Effect of Quantity For depth -2200 mm

42000 34600
40000 34400

Quantity
Quantity

38000 34200

36000 34000

34000 33800

32000 33600
250.0 208.3 178.6 150.0 166.7 183.3

Deflaction 35253 37608 39963 Deflaction 34467 34201 33987

D/tw D/tw
Effect of Quantity For depth - 2500 mm Effect of Quantity due to depth variation and
Web thickness 12 mm
RAILWAY TRUSS BRIDGE
 What is a Truss
 A structure composed of members connected together to
form a rigid framework.
 Usually composed of interconnected triangles.
 Members carry load in tension or compression.
 Trusses are very strong for their weight
 Component of a truss
bridge
 The truss bridge has two main load-carrying
trusses
 Each truss composed of a top chord, a bottom
chord, and several verticals and diagonals
members
 The two trusses are connected together by a
series of transverse members: struts, and lateral
bracing
Component of Truss
 Standard Truss
Configurations

Pratt Parker K-Truss

Howe Camelback Warren

Fink Double Intersection Pratt Warren (with Verticals)

Bowstring Baltimore Double Intersection Warren

Waddell “A” Truss Pennsylvania Lattice

 Types of Truss
Connections
 Two types of connections are pinned connections and
gusset connections.
 Single large metal pin that connects two or more
members together.

Pinned Connection
 Conti…
 Members are joined by one or two heavy gusset
plates, which are attached to individual
members with rivets, bolts, or welds.

Gusset Plate
Connection

Most modern bridges use gusset plate

connections
 DATA OF TRUSS RAILWAY
BRIDGE
Types of bridge : Pratt truss girder railway bridge
Gauge : Broad gauge, single track, main
line
Span of the truss : 30 m
Number of panels : 6
Panel length of bridge girder : 5m
Equivalent live load for B.M per track : 2727 kN (as per IRS)
Equivalent live load for S.F per track : 2997 kN (as per IRS)
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5

6m

L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6
6 panels @5 m c /c = 30 m
 Forces on the member
Member Design force Load carrying capacity
Compression Tension
Top chord U1U2 1501.89 kN - 4027.92 kN > 1501.89 kN

Bottom chord - 1335.01 kN 1675.24kN > 1335.01 kN

L2L3
Vertical U2L2 397.88 kN 211.13 kN Comp. 725.94 kN > 397.88 kN
Ten. 348.85 kN > 211.13 kN
Diagonal U2L3 387.16 kN 480.30 kN Ten. 52.96 kN > 480.30 kN
Comp. 1179.0 kN > 387.16 kN
No. of Rivet
Joint U2 U1U2=16
U2L2=16
U2L3=16
No. of Rivet
Joint L2 U1U2=16
L2U2=16
U2L3=16
Joint LO LoL1 =16
Section of the member

top chord member U1U2 Bottom chord member L2L3

Section of the member

vertical member U2L2 diagonal member U2L3

 Joints
Joints U2

Joints L1 Joints L2
Details of Truss girder
 Conclusion
 The variation in depth of plate girder section
violating the empirical formulae of economical
depth for section results into safe section in
terms of bending and shear stresses as well as in
deflection.
 Welded plate girder is economical as compared to
riveted plate girder.
 In Truss girder Railway Bridge decreasing the
height of the truss and panel length is more
economical as compare to more height of truss
and panel length of the girder.
 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
 Programming in other software languages
 Design and parametric study of Welded
truss bridge
 Larger span than 30 m can be studied for
all types of bridges
 Comparison of Different types of trusses
 REFERENCE
 K.Baskar and N.E.shanmugam,”Steel concrete composite plate girder subject to
combined shear and bending”,ASCE,JUNE 2002,PP 531-537
 Cynthia J.Zahn,”Plate Girder Design using LRFD”, AISC,2003,PP11-20
 N. E.shanmugam and K. Baskar,” Steel concrete composite plate girder subject
to shear loading”,ASCE,SEPTEMBER 2003,PP 1230-1242
 Nobuaki Sakurai and kouichi Nakam”Study on connection of crossbeams in
Rationalized Plate girder bridge", JANUARY 2003,PP 75-79
 Lyle P. Carden, and Ian G. buckle, "Displacement Based Analysis of steel girder
with Ductile End cross frames", Science Direct, July 2003 PP 45 -56
 V.B.sood Project report on use Special steel for girder brides on Indian railways.
 Shri A.Goyal Seismic design consideration for Railway Bridges
THANK YOU