Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Xu Zhaoyang
Department of cell biology
Basic Medical college
Zhengzhou university
Preface
Countless divisions of a single-cell zygote produce
an organism of astonishing cellular complexity and
organization.
Cell division does not stop with the formation of the
mature organism but continues in certain tissues( i.e.
bone marrow ,intestinal tract) throughout life. This
enormous output of cells is needed to replace cells that
have aged or died.
Division fashion of eukaryotic cell
Whitefish cell
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Prophase
1. The chromosomes condense. The proteins attached to the DNA
cause the chromosomes to go from long thin structures to short fat
one, which makes them easier to pull apart.
2. The nuclear envelope disappears. The double membrane that
surround the nucleus dissolves into a collection of small vesicles,
freeing the chromosomes to use the whole cell for division
3. The centrosomes move to opposite poles. During interphase, the
pair of centrosomes were together just outside the nucleus. In
prophase they separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
4. The spindle starts to form, growing out of the centrosomes
towards the chromosomes.
The picture of prophase
Whitefish cells
Whitefish cells
Whitefish cells
The organelles
get divided up
into the two
daughter cells
passively:
they go with
whichever cell
they find
themselves in.
Different cytokinesis ways
in plant and animal cells
In plant cells, a new cell wall made of cellulose forms between the 2
new nuclei, about where the chromosomes lined up in metaphase.
Cell membranes form along the surfaces of this wall. When the new
wall joins with the existing side wall, the 2 cells have become
separate.
Nuclear envelope
nucleus
chromatin
centriole
Animal cell mitosis
interphas prophase
e metaphase
Contractile ring
telophase anaphase
Meiosis
too
much!
meiosis reduces
genetic content
The first meiotic division
ProphaseⅠ
Metaphase Ⅰ
Anaphase Ⅰ
Telophase Ⅰ
ProphaseⅠ
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
diakinesis
Leptotene
Spindle disappears.
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Prophase II
Metaphase II is similar to
mitosis, with spindles moving
chromosomes into equatorial
area and attaching to the
opposite sides of the
centromeres in the
kinetochore region
Anaphase II
Chromosomes decondense.
Spindle disappears.
crossing-over
The homolog
of one
chromosome
can be
inherited
with either
homolog of a
second
chromosome.
Independent assortment
combinations in an offspring
223 X 223 = 70,368,744,177,664
Crossing-over