p.

1
Topic 12a: Energy Conservation
p. 2
Home Energy Use
Rank items from highest to
lowest energy usage in a home.
(a) lighting & appliances
(b) water heating
(c) heating & cooling rooms
(3-digit answer)

Lights and Appliances
38%
Water Heating
18%
Air Conditioning
9%
Space Heating
35%

Average Home Energy
Use in Virginia (2012)
p. 3
Heating & Cooling
It's a Matter of Degrees!
Warm weather: Set thermostat to 78 F or higher.
Cold weather: Set thermostat to 68 F or lower (55 F at night).
Saves 5 to 20 percent on heating costs.
What day-time thermostat temperatures do you use in winter and
summer? (2-digit answer)
(a) 65 F (b) 70 F (c) 75 F (d) 80 F

p. 4
Water Heating
Lower the hot water thermostat to 120 F.
Do laundry in cold water.
Install aerating, low-flow faucets.
Can you think of other ways to conserve water?
Which requires more hot water? (a) one bath (b) one 5-min shower
(Note: The chart below indicates total usage, not the usage for one bath or shower.)
Typical Home Water Usage
p. 5
Home Appliances
It costs about $100 to keep a 100-W light bulb on for a year. Which
appliance has comparable energy consumption to a light bulb?
(a) refrigerator (b) dishwasher (c) television
$/month
p. 6
Home Appliances
If you need to heat a cup of water, which is more energy efficient?
(a) electric stove (b) microwave

How can you save energy when washing and drying clothes?
$/month
p. 7
Lighting: CFL vs. Incandescent vs. LED
Incandescent CFL LED
Watts 60 13 9
Rated Lifetime 2,000 hr 8,000 hr 25,000
Cost per Bulb $0.50 $1.40 $20.00
Bulb Costs 1 year Cont. use $2.50 $1.40 $20
Electricity Costs 1 year Cont. use $52.50 $11.40 $7.90
To provide light for 8,000 hours, how many CFL (compact
fluorescent) bulbs are necessary? Incandescent bulbs? LED bulbs?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8 (3-digit answer)
Which type of bulb has the lowest total cost to provide light for 1 year
of continuous use?
(a) Incandescent (b) CFL (c) LED
p. 8
Energy Questions
Decide whether each statement is (1) true or (2) false
(3-digit answer)
Fluorescent lights consume less energy than incandescent light bulbs
and last longer.
It is more energy efficient to turn off the lights every time you leave a
room than to turn them off once at the end of the day.
When consumer electronics (TV, DVD player, etc.) are turned "off"
using a remote, there is never any electrical power being consumed.
p. 9
Recycling
Using recycled aluminum scrap to make new aluminum cans uses
how much less energy than making aluminum cans from bauxite ore
(raw material).
(a) 25% (b) 55% (c) 95%

In the case of paper, making a ton of paper from recycled paper saves up
to 17 trees and uses 50% less water.

Which do you recycle? (numerical order)
(1) paper (2) plastic (3) glass (4) none
p. 10
Car Sharing to Save Energy!
Video (zipcar)
Alternative to owning car.
Fuel and Insurance included.
Convenient to use; cars are placed
throughout cities.
Can significantly reduce the number
of cars on the road.
One "car share" can potentially replace how many individual vehicles?
(a) ~20 (b) ~200 (c) ~2000
Video (Iphone app)
p. 11
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
15
20
25
30
35
40
M
P
G
Passenger Cars
Light Trucks
EPA and CAFE Standards
Automobile manufacturers meet average fuel efficiency of vehicles
based on size or pay a fine. (Current standard ~ 30.2 mpg for cars)
What will be the CAFE standards for cars and light trucks in 2020?
(a) 30 mpg (b) 35 mpg (c) 40 mpg (2-digit answer)

Cars
Light
Trucks
2020
30
40
C
A
F
E

S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

(
m
p
g
)

p. 12
Fuel Economy
From 1978 to 2002, by how much did fuel economy increase for cars
and light trucks?
(a) 3 mpg (b) 6 mpg (c) 9 mpg (2-digit answer)
Cars
F
u
e
l

E
c
o
n
o
m
y

(
m
p
g
)

Light
Trucks
p. 13
Fuel Economy Around the World
In 2010 how much larger is the average fuel economy for vehicles in
the European Union than the United States?
(a) 2 mpg (b) 11 mpg (c) 17 mpg (d) 28 mpg
p. 14
X-Prize for Fuel-Efficient Car awarded to Edison2!
Edison2* has the virtues of low weight and low aerodynamic drag.
Uses a one-cylinder, turbo-charged 250 cc (40 hp) internal
combustion engine fueled by E85 (range > 600 miles).
Seats 4 people and weighs only 750 pounds (340 kg) !
What "fuel" does it use? (a) battery (b) ethanol/gasoline mixture
Video of Edison2
p. 15
Energy Conservation and YOU!
Which of these actions are you willing to do NOW?
(Enter in numeric order.)
(1) Recycle (cans, plastics, paper).
(2) Adjust your thermostat (5 colder in winter, warmer in summer).
(3) Drive 20% fewer miles, take public transportation, or drive a more
fuel efficient vehicle.
(4) Pay 30% more for gasoline and/or electricity for "energy" taxes.
(5) None of the above.

p. 16
Topic 12b: Energy and Climate Change Policy
Carbon Capture & Storage
Carbon Cap and Trade
Carbon Tax
p. 17
Climate Change is a Market Failure
Climate Change is a market failure
Prices of carbon-based fuels dont reflect damage to the environment.
Carbon taxes or cap & trade on GHGs ensure that economic
decisions incorporate both private and social costs.
Economic Effects
Benefits from avoided climate damages.
Costs to the U.S. economy due to mitigation policy.
Distribution of benefits and costs (who wins, who loses?)

p. 18
CO
2
Emissions from Electricity Generation
Order CO
2
emissions per GWh from highest to lowest (4-digit answer)
(a) Natural Gas (b) Coal (c) Nuclear/Hydro/Wind (d) Solar
Coal Natural Gas Solar Hydro Nuclear Wind
0
200
400
600
800
1000
T
o
n
s

C
O
2
/
G
W
H
r
Includes maintenance and
manufacture of Power Plants.

p. 19
Cost of Electricity Generation
Order energy sources from least to most expensive (4-digit)
(a) Natural Gas (b) Coal (c) Nuclear/Wind (d) Solar
Could this order change if the environmental cost of CO
2
emissions
were part of the cost structure (e.g., carbon tax)? (a) yes (b) no
Coal Natural GasSolar Hydro Nuclear Wind
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
C
e
n
t
s
/
K
W
H
r
X Axis Title
p. 20
If there is NO GHG policy, then the probability that the global mean
temperature increases by more than 5 F (or ~3 C) by 2100 is:
(a) less than 25% (b) about 50% (c) close to 100%
What is this probability if there is a GHG policy?
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Gamble
NO GHG POLICY
GHG POLICY
p. 21
CO
2
Reduction using Carbon Tax
Carbon tax is proportional to the carbon content of burnt fossil fuel
and set by the government.
Carbon tax of $15/ton CO
2
would increase gasoline prices by
13/gallon and electricity by 1.4/kWh, raising about $80 billion.
Order the % price increase from highest to lowest of a carbon tax on
the following energy sources. (3-digit answer)
(a) Coal (b) Natural Gas (c) Nuclear
p. 22
CO
2
Reduction using Cap and Trade
Government sets a maximum CO
2
emissions cap and then sells/gives
away allowances to emit.
If a company emits more than their allocated allowance, then it must
buy additional allowances.
If a company emits less than their allocated allowance, then it may sell
allowances or bank them for the future.
The market (not the government) sets prices of allowances/emissions.
Have you heard about carbon cap
and trade before?
(a) yes (b) no
Page 23
Command and Control: New Rules from EPA
The EPA has mandated that all new power plants generate less than
1,000 pounds of CO
2
per MWh.
This rule only applies to new plants, all existing plants are unaffected.
The average coal plant emits 1750 lbs of CO
2
/MWh
The average Natural Gas plant emits 800 lbs of CO
2
/MWh
Is it now possible to build a new conventional Coal Power Plant?
(a) Yes (b) No
EPA declared CO
2
a pollutant in April 2009 and will regulate stationary
sources of CO
2
, e.g., power plants and factories.
EPA controls permitting for plants: Can block any new power plant!
p. 24
What happened to Cap-and-Trade in U.S.?
House passed Waxman-Markey bill (HR 2454) in June 2009.
Calls for 17 % reduction in GHG emissions relative to 2005 by
2020 and 83% reduction by 2050.
Senate leadership counted insufficient votes (<60) and so pulled the
plug.
Contributors to demise of climate policy in Senate include:
recession, 10% unemployment, marketing failures, tough elections
and too many competing priorities for Democrats
California implemented a Cap and Trade plan to begin in 2013.
Calls for reduction in GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020.
$10 billion market projected by 2016.
Energy prices are expected to rise but most economists.
p. 25
International Climate Policy
Kyoto: Capped cumulative emissions (2008-2012), but doesnt include
several major economies!
Each country wants a base year that makes its target look best.
Copenhagen (2009): Participants chose their own base year and
emissions targets for 2020.
US: in the range of 17% reduction relative to 2005
China and India chose emission reductions per unit GDP
China: 40% reduction relative to 2005
India: 20% reduction relative to 2005
p. 26
Other Ideas? Geoengineering
Pump liquid CO
2

into deep sea
Pump liquid CO
2

into rocks
Cloud seeding
Grow trees
Giant reflectors
in orbit
Aerosols in
stratosphere
Iron fertilizatin of sea
p. 27
Geoengineering
Solar radiation management
Dispersal of aerosols in stratosphere to block sunlight
Giant space mirrors in orbit to reflect sunlight
Cloud seeding to reduce water in atmosphere and grow plants
Carbon capture and storage (surface, underground, deep sea)
Had you heard of carbon capture and storage (CCS) before?
(a) yes
(b) no
p. 28
Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)
Do you think any large coal-fired power plants are now using CCS?
(a) yes
(b) no
p. 29
Carbon Capture and Storage
Carbon capture & storage (sequestration) may use:
Surface storage: growing trees and genetically engineered crops
Ocean storage: iron fertilization (promotes algae growth); pump liquid
CO
2
directly undersea, where it dissolves
Underground geologic storage: empty oil/gas fields, saline aquifers,
unminable coal seams

Would you be willing to pay 15% more for electricity so that CO
2

emissions were captured and stored?
(a) Yes (b) No
Topic 12c: Science Literacy and
Media Literacy
Tim Bajkiewicz, Ph.D.
Associate Professor,
Broadcast Journalism
About how many hours of media do you use
each day?
(a) <3 hr (b) 3-6 hrs (c) > 6 hrs
How Do You Stack Up?
The Generation Gap
News and Age Groups
Where We Get Our News
78% of Americans get news from a local TV station
73% get news from a national TV network such as CBS or a cable
TV station such as CNN or FoxNews
61% get some kind of news online
54% listen to a radio news program at home or in the car
50% read news in the print version of a local newspaper
17% read news in the print version national newspaper (e.g., New
York Times, USA Today)
Japan: News Coverage vs. Interest
Whats your sense of how well the news media have put nuclear
power into context with other forms of energy? It seems like
weve had more heat and less light on that issue.

We dont exactly tailor our coverage to actual risk values. We
tailor it to what looks newsy. The number of people who die on
our highways far exceeds the number who die in plane crashes.
Yet what were focused on is the plane crashes. The week after
the Fukushima accident began, I saw reports that forty-eight coal
miners had been killed in Pakistan. There is no form of energy
extraction, conversion, and delivery that doesnt kill people.

What Makes a Story Newsworthy?
Audience
Timeliness
Proximity and Impact
Prominence
Oddity
Conflict
Human Interest
Visual (Science is not very visual!)
Quick Question
Which of the following is NOT something that makes a
story newsworthy?
(a) Timeliness
(b) Proximity
(c) Profit potential
(d) Conflict
Enough Coverage Of?
What Is Science Literacy?
Scientific literacy means that a person can ask, find, or determine answers
to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences.
Scientific literacy entails being able to read with understanding articles about
science in the popular press and to engage in social conversation about the
validity of the conclusions.
Scientific literacy implies that a person can identify scientific issues
underlying national and local decisions and express positions that are
scientifically and technologically informed.
A literate citizen should be able to evaluate the quality of scientific
information on the basis of its source and the methods used to generate it.
From National Science Education Standards, p. 22
Motivated by Sputnik; started after WWII.

Questions related to science
Percent Correct
1988 1999 2008
Does light travel faster than sound? 78% 75% 86%
Do all plants and animals have DNA? -- -- 85
Is the center of the Earth very hot? 82 81 80
Have the continents on which we live been moving their location
for millions of years and will continue to move in the future?
81 80 72
How often does the Earth go around the Sun each year? 50 49 67
Do antibiotics kill viruses as well as bacteria? 31 45 55
Are Electrons smaller than atoms? 46 46 54
Percent Correct on Civic Science
Literacy Questions (US 1988-2008)
From Jon Miller, Civic Scientific Literacy: A survival tool for the 21st century
Are electrons smaller than atoms? (a) yes (b) no
Civic Scientific Literacy in the U.S. (1988-2008)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
P
e
r
c
e
n
t

L
i
t
e
r
a
t
e
US Adult Civic Scientific Literacy LSAY-CSL
From Jon Miller, Civic Scientific Literacy: A survival tool for the 21st century
What leads to civic scientific literacy? (choose all correct)
(1) College science courses
(2) Education level
(3) Watching TV
What Is Media Literacy?
Potter (1998):
Media Literacy is a perspective from which we
expose ourselves to the media and interpret the
meanings of the messages we encounter.
No test for media literacy - general sense that most people arent
very media literate.
Have you heard about "Media Literacy" before?
(a) yes (b) no
Center for Media Literacys
5 Key Questions That Can Change The
World
1. Who created this message?
2. What creative techniques are used to attract my attention?
3. How might different people understand this message
differently?
4. What values, lifestyles, and points of view are represented
in, or omitted from, this message?
5. Why is this message being sent?