Purpose Quantity Drinking 3 Bathing 30 Toilets/Flushing 45 Laundry 30 Kitchen/ Dish washes 22 Leakages 15 Total 145 WATER REQUIREMENT Water usage Quantity (l/head/day)*
SEWAGE QUANTITY
ABOUT 80% OF WATER SUPPLIED FINDS ITS WAY INTO DRAIN
HENCE SEWAGE QUANTITY CAN BE ASSUMED AS FOLLOWS:
FOR RESIDENCES : 120 l/head/day FOR INDUSTRIES/ OFFICES/ : 40 l/head/day
COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS: FOR HOTELS : 150 l/room/day RESTAURANTS : 15 l/head/day FOR HOSPITALS : 200 l/bed/day Characterisation of Waste water
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Biochemical Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Colour
Odour
Insoluble Substances-Settleable, Suspended solids
Temperature Range etc.
Chemical Characteristics
Chemical Oxygen Demand - COD pH Acidity/Alkalinity Hardness Total Organic Carbon Total Dissolved Solids Surfactants Phenols etc...
Biochemical Characteristics
Biochemical oxygen demand- BOD
Dead and Decaying plants and animals
Presence of pathogenic bacteria
1. Colour: The colour of sewage normally be detected by normal eye and indicates the freshness of sewage. Yellowish, grey or light colour Fresh Sewage Black or dark brown colour Stale or septic sewage Note: When industrial waste water is mixed with sewage, may also add colour to it. 2. Odour: Fresh sewage is practically odourless. But however, in 3 to 4 hours, it becomes stale with all oxygen present in sewage being practically exhausted. It then starts omitting offensive odours, especially that of hydrogen sulphide gas, which is formed due to decomposition of sewage. 3. Turbidity: The turbidity of waste water depends on the quantity of solid matters present in suspension state. Turbidity is a measure of light-emitting properties of waste water, and turbidity is used to indicate the quality of waste discharges with respect to colloidal matter. The turbidity depends upon the strength of sewage or waste water. The stronger or more concentrated the sewage , the higher is turbidity. 4. Total Solids: Sewage 99.9%water +0.1% solids Total solids in waste water exist in three different forms. Suspended Solids Colloidal Solids Dissolved Solids Type of suspended solids Settleable Solids Non- settleable Solids Dissolved Solids = 0.001 to 0.00001 micron Colloidal Solids = 0.001 to 1.0 micron Suspended or non settleble solids > 1.0 microns Removable by coagulation = 0.000001 to 10 micron Settleable > 10 micron
5. Temperature : Generally , the temperature of waste water is higher than the water supply, due to addition of warm water from the house holds and from the industries. Effect of temperature Viscosity Bacterial activity Solubility of gases Growth of aquatic life
Chemical Characteristics 1. pH: The pH of sewage indicates the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration present in sewage. Importance of pH in the Sewage Treatment 2. Chlorides Content : Chlorides are mineral salts and therefore, are not affected by biological action of sewage. The normal chloride content of domestic sewage is 120 mg/l.
3.Nitrogen Contents: The presence of nitrogen in the sewage indicates the presence of organic matter, and may occur in one or following forms: Free Ammonia Albuminoid Nitrogen Nitrites Nitrates The free ammonia indicates the very first stage of decomposition of organic matter. Albuminoid Nitrogen indicates the quantity of nitrogen present in sewage before the decomposition of organic matter. Nitrites indicate the presence of partly decomposed ( not fully oxidised) organic matter. Nitrates: The presence of nitrates indicate the most stable form of nitrogenous matter contained in sewage, thus indicating the well oxidised and treated sewage. If nitrates > 45 ppm in potable water, this may cause nitrate poisoning in infants. 4. Fats, Oils and Grease: These are derived in sewage from the discharge of animals and vegetable matters or from industries like garrages, kitchens of hotels and restaurants etc. 5. Surfactants: These come from synthetic detergents and these are discharged from bathrooms, kitchens, washing machine etc Surfactants are large organic molecules which cause foaming in waste water treatment . 6. Phenols, Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals: Phenols are found in Industrial Waste Water and this may impart taste problem in drinking water. Pesticides and agricultural chemicals are a result of surface runoff from agricultural vacant and park lands, specially in a combined sewage. 7. Toxic Compounds: Cu, Pb, Ag, Cr, As, Ni etc. These may be present due to mixing of Industrial Wastewater in Sewage. Measured by AAS methods. Their presence may hinder performance of Waste Water Treatment Plant. 8. Sulphates, Sulphides and Hydrogen Sulphide Gas: Sulphides and sulphates are formed due to decomposition of various sulphur containing substances present in Sewage. This decomposition also leads to evolution of hydrogen sulphide gas, causing bed smells and odours, besides causing corrosion of concrete pipes. 9. Other Gases: Nitrogen , Oxygen , Carbon Di Oxide, Methane gases may be present in Sewage. 10. Oxygen Consumed: This is the oxygen requires for the oxidation of carbonaceous matter. 11. Dissolved Oxygen: DO is the amount of oxygen in the dissolved state in the waste water. While discharging the treated wastewater in to receiving body , it is essential to ensure that at least 4ppm of DO is present in it . If DO is less, aquatic animals will be killed near the vicinity of disposal. The presence of DO in wastewater is desirable because it prevents the formation of noxious order. 12. Chemical Oxygen Demand: Amount of oxygen required to oxidise biologically active as well as biologically inactive organic matter.
Biochemical Characteristics
1.Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): The BOD is a measure of the Oxygen required to oxidise the organic matter present in a sample, through the action of micro-organisms contained in a sample of wastewater.
The BOD may be defined as the oxygen required for the micro-organisms to carry out the biological decomposition of dissolved o organic matter in the wastewater under aerobic conditions at standard temperature.
2. Aquatic Plants & Animals: Aquatic Plants o Spermophyta: Water weeds o Bryophyta: Mosses and lever words o Pteridophyta: Ferns and horsetails oThallophyta: Algae Animals: Vertebrate: Fish and amphibians Arthophoda: Insects, spiders, mites. Mollusca: Mussels, snails etc. Worms: Earthworms, thread worms, rotifera Metazoa: Hydra, polyzoa Protozoa: Endameba histolytica etc.