TRANSLATION

AND
INTERPRETATION



Pedro Mendoza
LINGUISTIC
DICIPLINES
TRANSLATION INTERPRETATION
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
TRANSLATION & INTERPRETING
Translation written


Interpreting oral



TYPES OF TRANSLATION AND
INTERPRETATION
HUMAN
WRITTEN ORAL
NON-LIERARY LITERARY NON-LITERARY
consecutive
simultaneous
Sight translation
TYPES OF TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
HUMAN MECHANICAL COMPUTER-AIDED



translation / interpretation
general specialized
- Financial translation and interpretation

- Legal translation and interpretation

- Literary translation

- Medical translation and interpretation

- Scientific translation and interpretation

- Technical translation and interpretation

WHAT IS TRANSLATION?
A written communication in a second language having the
same meaning as the written communication in a first
language (Princeton edu)

Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of
the meaning of a text in one language, the source text (ST-
SL) and the production, in another language, of a new,
equivalent text the target text, or translation (TT-TL).

Skills needed in translation



In popular belief, to translate, a person only needs:

Reasonable knowledge of a foreign language
And a few good dictionaries

For some, translating is an intuitive process that is based on the
translators creative capability.

On the opposite extreme, there are those who believe that only
specialists like lawyers or scientists can translate.

Those who make these assertions fail to make a distinction
between factual knowledge and procedural knowledge.







Distinguishing Factual Knowledge and Procedural Knowledge
Factual knowledge is the knowledge of special fields

Special terminology
Resources available
Foreign languages

Factual knowledge is essential but not enough. Translators also need
procedural knowledge.

Procedural knowledge relates to some kind of method or procedure to
help the translator in seizing the meaning of the ST and re-expressing that
meaning in the TT.


Procedural Knowledge: Options for translation



Basically, a translator has two options for translating:


1. Direct or literal translation

1. Oblique translation


There are several translation techniques available under each option.
Direct translation



Possible because of parallel categories


1. Structural parallelism grammatical categories

I s that your girlfriend? es esa tu novia?

I have left my book on the table He dejado mi libro sobre la mesa

2. Meta-linguistic parallelism parallel concepts

The book el libro
The judge el juez


Oblique translation

There comes a time when direct translation techniques would not work
because:

1. They are structurally impossible

2. The target language does not have a corresponding expression

And the generated text would have:

1. a different meaning

2. no meaning

3. a foreign structure
Oblique translation

Compare:

He swam across the river Cruz el ro a nado

They begged you not to bother them again Rogaban que no volvieras
a molestarlos

He kicked the door shut l cerr la puerta de una patada

Hes extremely intelligent No tiene nada de tonto

Early last year A principios del ao pasado


Both English and spanish have the corresponding elements
But the structure of the statement is different in the two languages. A
direct translation is no longer possible. The translator needs to use oblique
translation techniques.
1. Borrowing

It is used to overcome a gap or lacuna (a new technical process, a new concept)

chic, sandwich, dj vu, margaritas, tortillas, pisco sour, sushi, empanadas,
spaghetti.

2. Calque

Calques are special kind of borrowing where a language borrows a word or an
expression from another language and translates literally each of its elements.

Ftbol, stand, net, chat, desktop, software, penalty, mouse, mall, shopping








DIRECT TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
3. Literal translation

The girl is sick la nia est enferma

Good morning buen dia

1. Transposition

Operates at the grammatical level
Consists of the replacement of a word class by another word class
without changing the meaning

Adverb verb
Were in Chile, obviously Es obvio que estamos en Chile

Adverb noun
Early last year A principios del ao pasado

Adverb adjective
To clarify as fully as posible Para indicar con la mxima claridad

Verb adverb
It kept raining during our holidays Llova de continuo durante las
vacaciones


OBLIQUE TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES
2. Modulation

It is used when the other techniques would generate a text that is grammatically
correct, but unsuitable, not idiomatic, or awkward.


1. Abstract Concrete or General :
Sit by the fire: "Sentarse junto a la chimenea".

2. Cause effect :
Youre quite a stranger: No se te conoce por ac

3. A part another part :
From cover to cover: Desde la primera hasta la ltima pgina

4. Term reversal :
Health insurance: Seguro de salud












3. Equivalence

Used to render expressions using different stylistic and structural
methods.

Most equivalences are fixed, and include idioms, clichs, proverbs,
nominal or adjectival phrases, onomatopoeia, etc.

To call a spade a spade Al pan, pan y al vino, vino
Like father, like son De tal palo, tal astilla


4. Adaptation

Used when the limit to translation is been reached, i.e. when a simple
translation would not work or it would produce a result that is shocking
in the target language and culture.

Titles of books, movies, and characters often fit into this category

Cloverfield Monstruoso
Jaws Tiburn



Translators Role


An excellent translation reads like a piece
originally written in the target language, sentence
structure, linkages and discourse, are entirely
appropriate to the target language. U.K.
Linguistics Association
A GOOD TRANSLATOR IS


Curious
Independent, creative
A good researcher
Self-motivated
A strong writer
A person who knows about different topics
Thinks about context first then about meaning








It is a translation orally for parties conversing in different
languages. (Merriam-Websters dictionary)
It sounds easy, isnt it?
But Interpretation is harder than that, interpretation is
about culture, talking, hearing, about meanings and quick
decisions.

WHAT IS INTERPRETATION?
TYPES AND MODES
Types
Simultaneous
Consecutive
Whispered
Relay
Liaison

Modes
Conference
Judicial
Escort
Public sector
Medical
Sign language
Media

Simultaneous
The interpreter
renders the message
as quickly as he or she
can formulate it from
the source language,
while the speaker
continuously speaks;
sitting in a sound-proof
booth, speaks into a
microphone, while
clearly seeing and
hearing speaker via
earphones.
Consecutive
The interpreter
speaks after the
speaker has
finished. The
speech is divided
into segments,
and the interpreter
sits or stands
beside speaker,
listening
and takes notes.
Whispered
Its like whispering
simultaneous, the
interpreter sits or
stands next to the
person or people
requiring
interpretation
(maximum of two
people )
Relay
Liaison
Relay interpreting is usually used when
there are several target languages. A
source-language interpreter interprets the
text to a language common to every
interpreter, who then render the message
to their respective target languages. For
example, a Chinese message first is
rendered to English to a group of
interpreters, who listen to the English and
render the message into Greek.

Liaison interpreting
involves relaying what
is spoken to one,
between two, or among
many people. This can
be done after a short
speech, or
consecutively,
sentence-by-sentence,
or (whispering).


Mode Places Techniques Requirements
Conference Conferences
(Institutional
Or Private)
Consecutive
Simultaneous
Knowledge about both
languages.
To take notes.
Judicial Courts of justice.
Administrative
tribunals.
Consecutive
Simultaneous

Knowledge about both
languages.
knowledge of law and
legal and court
procedures.
Authorization from the
State.
Escort On a tour.
On a visit.
To a meeting or
interview.
Liaison Knowledge about both
languages.
Free time.
Public
Sector
In fields as legal,
health, local
government,
social, housing,
environmental ,
welfare services,
and education.
Simultaneous
Liaison
Knowledge about both
languages.

Mode Places Techniques Requirements
Medical Hospital.
Fields about
health.
Liaison Knowledge about
both languages.
Knowledge of
medicine.
Sign
Language
In a room or
space that
allows them to
be seen by the
deaf participants
and heard
clearly
Simultaneous
Consecutive.
Knowledge about
sign languages.
National and State
level certifications.
Media Live television
coverage.
Live or taped
interviews.
Simultaneous Knowledge about
both languages.
Knowledge
about technical
control room's.
INTERPRETATION STEPS
1. Listen
2. Comprehend
3. Abstract the message from the words and word order
4. Store ideas -- Memory
5. Search for the conceptual and semantic matches
6. Reconstruct the message in the other language
7. WHILE . . . Speaking and listening for the next
chunk of language to process
8. WHILE . . . Monitoring their own output
WHAT IS THE JOB LIKE & WHERE DO
INTERPRETERS WORK?


Interpreters often work in teams
Work before large & small audiences
Expert proficiency and speed in spoken language
On the spot knowledge of terms
Interpreting in business vs. tourism


A GOOD INTERPRETER IS


Proficient at speaking two or more languages
Able to speak before large & small groups of people
Willing and able to travel
Has knowledge in various fields
Flexible
Has knowledge of different cultures
Has good pronunciation, diction and tone of voice
Has Developed an accent-free speech
IMPORTANCE OF TRANSLATORS &
INTERPRETERS

United Nations
Works of literature
Make communication possible
International Business


It is one of the hardest things I have ever done as language
student.
Its nerve breaking and stressful.
Makes you improve your skills.
It is a challenge for your abilities to express a message.
It is amazing.
Gives you a very fulfilling sense of achievement after you
complete a segment or speech.
What is Interpretation to me?