Host defense

● Host defenses may be:

● Innate immunity.
● Acquired immunity.
● Innate immunity:
▪ Physical barriers: Intact skin, mucous membrane.
▪ Phagocytic cells: Neutrophil, macrophage, NK
cell.
▪ Others: Complements, lysozyme, interferon, gastric
acid, fatty acid of skin, cilia in mucosa.
 Host defense
● Acquired immunity:
▪ Antibody mediated.
▪ Cell mediated: T cell, B cell, Macrophage,
dendritic cell.
● Acquired immunity may be two types:
▪ Active immunity
▪ Passive immunity
Classification of Immunity
 The Immune System
▪ Components of innate or acquired.
 Acquisition of Acquired Immunity

Can be acquired naturally or artificially:

 Natural acquisition — person acquires immunity
through natural means: Active & Passive.
 artificial acquisition — person is given something
that results in immunity: Active & Passive.
 Acquisition of Acquired Immunity

A.Naturally acquired active immunity:

Antigens or pathogens enter body
naturally.
Body generates an immune response to
antigens.
Immunitymay be lifelong (chickenpox or
mumps) or temporary (influenza).
 Acquisition of Acquired Immunity
B. Naturally acquired passive Immunity:
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via
placenta or breast feeding (colostrum).
No immune response to antigens.
Immunity is usually short-lived (weeks to
months).
Protection until child’s immune system
develops.
Acquisition of acquired immunity
1. Artificially acquired active immunity:

Antigens are introduced in vaccines

(immunization).
Body generates an immune response to
antigens.
Immunity can be lifelong (oral polio vaccine)
or temporary (tetanus toxoid).
Acquisition of Acquired Immunity

2. Artificially acquired passive immunity:

Preformed antibodies (antiserum) are
introduced into body by injection: ATS or
TIG.
Immunity is short lived.
 Innate & Adaptive Immune response
Microbes
Chemical
Structur
Barriers
al
Innate immunity

Barriers
Killing of
microbes and
infected cells
NK Cells Granulocytes

Phagocytes
TLRs Complement

Immuno-
T Cells
immunity
Adaptive

globulins

B Cells
 Innate & Adaptive Immune response
Microbes
Chemical
Structur
Barriers
al
Innate immunity

Barriers
Killing of
microbes and
infected cells
NK Cells Granulocytes

Phagocytes Complement
TLRs

Antigen

Immune
Specific
processing &
presentation Immuno-
T Cells
immunity
Adaptive

globulins

B Cells
Immune Kill infected
regulatio Euk. cells
 Bacterial Vaccine
 Bacterial may give active or passive
immunity:
● Active immunity:
Capsular polysaccharide vaccine: Strept.
Pneumoniae, H. influenzae.
Toxoid vaccine: Cl. Tetani, B. pertussis.
Purified protein vaccine: B. pertussis, B.
anthracis.
 Bacterial Vaccine

Live attenuated bacterial vaccine: M.

tuberculosis, S. typhi.
Killed bacterial vaccine: V. cholerae,
Yersinia pestis.
● Passive immunity: Antitoxin against
tetanus, Botulinum, Diphtheria.
 Quote of the day

“Why leave the tail…….

….if you ate the rest of the cow.”
CTL activating macrophage function
CD8+ T and CD4+ T
Opsonization
1. Opsonizing
antibodies may
enhance phagocytic
clearance of viral
particles.