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V = L
where v = induced voltage
= rate of change of current
L = self inductance
dt
di
dt
di
UNIT OF SELF INDUCTANCE IS Henry
INDUCTANCE CAN ALSO BE EXPRESSED AS:
Here L represents the magnitude of self
inductance
dt
d
N
dt
di
L
|
=
di
d
N L
|
=
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
The induced voltage across coil 2 is given by
It can also be expressed as
Where M = proportionality constant termed
as mutual inductance between two coils
dt
d
N v
L
12
2
2
|
=
dt
di
M v
L
1
2
=
dt
d
N
dt
di
M
12
2
1
|
=
1
12
2
di
d
N M
|
=
2
21
1
di
d
N M similarly
|
=
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING:
It is defined as the fraction of total flux that
links the coil
i.e.
K =
|
12
|
1
=
|
21
|
2
M
2
= N
1
N
2
|
21
i
2
|
12
i
1
= N
1
N
2
K|
2
i
1
K|
1
i
2
= K
2
N
1
|
1
i
1
N
2
|
2
i
2
M = K
2
L
1
L
2
QL =
N|
i
(
(
K =
M
L
1
L
2
ANALYSIS OF COUPLED CIRCUITS:
How to determine the sign of
mutual emf?
1
2 1
1 1 1
v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i = +
0
1 2
2 2 2
= +
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i
In the above equation the sign
of the mutual emf is positive
1
2 1
1 1 1
? v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i = +
0 ?
1 2
2 2
= +
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i
The sign of mutual emf in above
equation is
Equations in time domain form:
(instantaneous form):
0
1 2
2 2 2
1
2 1
1 1 1
= + +
= + +
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i
v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i
Equations in frequency domain form:
I
1
R
1
+ jeL
1
I
1
+ MjeI
2
= v
1
I
1
(R
1
+ jeL
1
) + jeMI
2
= v
1
I
2
R
2
+ jeL
2
I
2
+ MjeI
1
= 0
I
2
(R
2
+ jeL
2
) + MjeI
1
= 0
Write the mesh equations in terms
of time and frequency domain
The equations are
v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i
v
dt
di
M
dt
di
L R i
= + +
= + +
1 2
2 2 2
2 1
1 1 1
0 ) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
1 1 2
2 1 2
1
1 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 1
1 1 2 1
= +
(
+
(
+
=
(
+
R i i
dt
di
M
dt
i i d
L
dt
i i d
M
dt
di
L R i
v
dt
di
M
dt
i i d
L R i i
Dot rule for coupled circuits:
Dotted equivalent is:
Dot Rule:
When both assumed currents enter or leave
a pair of coupled coils at the dotted
terminals, the signs of the M terms will be
the same as the signs of the L terms.
If one current enters at a dotted terminal
and one leaves by a dotted terminal, the
signs of the M terms are opposite to the
signs of the L terms
M and L terms have the -----------------sign
M and L terms have the -----------------sign
M and L terms have the -----------------sign
M and L terms have the -----------------sign
Draw the dotted equivalent and
obtain I1 and I2
0
0 10Z
Find the drop across 3 resistor
and j6 capacitor
45 5Z
Series aiding of inductor:
Leq=L1+L2+2M
Series opposing of inductor:
Leq=L1+L2-2M
Parallel aiding of inductor:
M L L
M L L
L
eq
2
2 1
2
2 1
+
=
Parallel opposing of inductors:
M L L
M L L
L
eq
2
2 1
2
2 1
+ +
=
Single tuned coupled circuit:
1 1
L j R e >>
Loop 1:
| |
| | v MI j L j R I
v MI j I L j R I
= +
= +
2 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1
e e
e e
Loop 2:
| |
0
1
0
2 2 2 1
1 2 2
2
2 2
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
= +
C
L j R I MI j
MI j I L j
C
jI
R I
e
e e
e e
e
(
=
(
+
0
2
1
2 2
1
v
I
I
jX R M j
M j R
e
e
C
L X
e
e
1
2 2
=
( )
| |
2 2
2 2 1
2 2
2 2 1
2
2 0
2 2
2 2 1
2
2 2
2 2 1
1
2
) (
1
) (
) (
0
M jX R R C
MV
c j M jX R R
MV j
C j
I
C
j
I v
M jX R R
MV j
I
M jX R R
M j
v R
I
e
e e
e
e e
e
e
e
e
+ +
=
+ +
= =
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ +
=
+ +
=
Amplification factor
When the secondary is tuned, X
2
=0
A resonance
| |
2 2
2 2 1
0
) ( M jX R R C
M
V
V
A
e + +
= =
|
.
|
\
|
=
C
L
e
e
1
2
| |
2
2
0 2 1
M R R C
M
e +
=
| |
( )
2 1
Max 0
0
2 1
2
0
2 1
2
2
0 2 1
Resonance 0
2
R
M
output, maximum For
V
R R C
V
V
R
M
M
R R
C
V
M R R C
MV
o
e
e
e
e
=
=
(
+
=
+
=
DOUBLE TUNED COUPLED CIRCUIT:
2
2 2
1
C
L X
e
e =
1
1 1
1
C
L X Let
e
e =
(
=
(
+
+
0
V
I
I
jX R M j
M j jX R
2
1
2 2
1 1
e
e
2 2
2 2 1 1
2 1
2
) )( (
0
M jX R jX R
M j
V jX R
I
e
e
+ + +
+
=
2 2
2 2 1 1
2
) )( ( M jX R jX R
MV j
I
e
e
+ + +
=
] ) )( [(
2 2
2 2 1 1 2
2
2
2 2 0
M jX R jX R C
MV
C j
I
X I V
C
e
e
+ + +
=
= =