1

K L UNIVERSITY ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BY
DEPT. OF ECE
ramguda1978@kluniversity.in

CONCEPT OF FEED-BACK:
The process where by a part of the output is fed back to input
is called feed back.
OR
The process where some part of the output is added to the
input signal is called feed back.
2
K L UNIVERSITY
Amplifier
A
f/b

sample
X
S
X
i
X
f
X
O
X
O
X
O
Source
Mixer
3
K L UNIVERSITY
X
S
= Source Signal
X
i
= Input signal of the amplifier
X
O
= Output signal of the amplifier
X
f
= feedback signal
A = Open loop Gain of the amplifier = X
O
/X
i
= Feedback factor = X
S
/X
O
Gain with feedback

=

1

+ sign for negative feedback.
- Sign for positive feedback.
4
Classification of feedback amplifiers:
K L UNIVERSITY
Positive feedback amplifiers:
Feedback amplifiers in which the phase difference
between the input (X
S
) and output signal (X
O
) is 0 or 360
degrees. It is also called as regenerative feed back

Negative feedback amplifiers:
Feedback amplifiers in which the phase difference
between the input (X
S
) and output signal (X
O
) is 180 degrees.
. It is also called as degenerative feed back
5
Negative feedback amplifiers:
VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
K L UNIVERSITY 6
If the feedback network samples the output voltage, it is
voltage feedback. If it samples the output current, it is
current feedback.
The feedback signal can be connected in series or in parallel
with the signal source and the amplifier input terminals, so
called series feedback and parallel feedback.
In voltage feedback, the input terminals of the feedback
network are in parallel with the load, and the output voltage
appears at the input terminals of the feedback block.
Whereas in current feedback, the input terminals of the feedback
network are in series with the load, and the load current flows
through the input of the feedback block.
As a result, a simple test on the feedback type is to open-circuit
or short-circuit the load. If the feedback signal vanishes for an
open-circuit load, then it is current feedback. If the feedback
signal vanishes for a short-circuit load, it is voltage feedback.

K L UNIVERSITY 7
Voltage Series Feed Back(Voltage Amplifier )
K L UNIVERSITY 8
Current Series Feed Back (Transconductance Amplifier)
K L UNIVERSITY 9
Voltage Shunt Feed Back(Trans resistance Amplifier)
K L UNIVERSITY 10
Current Shunt Feed Back(Current Amplifier)
11
Amplifier negative feedback types
12
Effects of negative feedback:
Decrease in gain
Increase in bandwidth
Decrease in frequency & phase distortion
Decrease in non linear distortion
Decrease in noise
Increase in input impedance
Decrease in output impedance

13
Effect of negative feedback on gain
The Voltage gain of the amplifier with negative
feed back is given by

If we make A >>1, then one may be neglected
in comparison to A

The above equation shows that the gain Af of
the feedback amplifier is independent of the
internal gain A and depends only on feedback
fraction
K L UNIVERSITY 14
dA
f
=

1 +
2

=
+

(+)

+
X

K L UNIVERSITY 15

- represents the fractional change in

amplifier voltage gain with feedback

- denotes the fractional change in

thevoltage gain without feed back.


1
1+
- is sensitivity
Thus it shows that the percentage change in Af
is much less than the percentage change in A
K L UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ECE
DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
16
Gain with feed-back
Gain without feedback is A , Feedback Factor
Gain with feedback is 1+A

Parameter Voltage Series Voltage Shunt Current Series Current Shunt
Gain with out
feedback A

Feedback factor

Gain with feedback
A
f

K L UNIVERSITY 17
INCREASE IN BAND WIDTH
K L UNIVERSITY 18
DECREASE IN FREQUENCY DISTORTION

When A>>1, then Af = A / (1+A ) =1/

Here feedback is completely resistive and thus
frequency distortion arising because of varying gain
with frequency is considerably
K L UNIVERSITY 19
REDUCTION IN NONLINEAR DISTORTION
Let the amplifier with gain A produces a distortion D
without feed back
When feed back is applied ,the amplifier gain Af
produces a distortion Df
Fraction of output distortion fed back to input = Df
After amplification, the distorted output = ADf
Net distortion = original distortion + distorted output
Df = D ADf => D=Df + ADf
Df = D / 1+A
Thus the distortion is reduced by a factor (1 + A )

K L UNIVERSITY 20
REDUCTION IN NOISE

The output of the ampifier consists of output
signal and noise voltage(N).
After Amplification the noise voltage is given by
Nf = N/(1+A)
Thus the noise is reduced by a factor of 1+A
K L UNIVERSITY 21
INCREASE IN INPUT IMPEDANCE
Zi Input impedance of the amplifier without feedback
Zif Input impedance of the amplifier with negative feedback
Ii input current then
Zif = Vs / Ii and Zi = Vi / Ii
Vi = Vs Vo but Vo = Avi
Vi = Vs AVi => Vs = Vi(1+A )
Dividing both sides by Ii we get




Zi(1+A )= Zif
Thus the input impedance of the amplifier is increased by a
factor of 1+A


K L UNIVERSITY 22
DECREASE IN OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

In order to find the output impedance of thee feed back amplifier with feed back,
short-circuit the input source Vs and connect a Voltage source Vo at the output
terminals.
The Output side has been replaced by an equivalent voltage source AVo.
Let Io be the current from the applied source
For the output circuit
Vo + AVo = Zo Io
Vo(1 + A) = Zo Io





Thus the output impedance is reduced by a factor of 1 + A

K L UNIVERSITY 23
METHOD OF IDENTIFYING FEED BACK TOPOLOGY

STEP 1:

1. To find the type of sampling network
(i). By shorting the output, if feed back signal becomes zero voltage
sampling
(ii). By opening the output loop, if feed back signal becomes zero current
sampling
2. To find the type of mixing network
(i). If the feedback signal is subtracted from the externally applied signal as a
voltage in the input loop series mixing
(ii). If the feedback signal is subtracted from the externally applied signal as a
current in the input loop shunt mixing
Thus by finding the type of sampling network and mixing network, the type of
the feedback amplifier can be determined




K L UNIVERSITY 24
STEP-2:

1. TO FIND THE INPUT CIRCUIT

(I). For voltage sampling , the output voltage is made zero by shorting
the output
(ii). For current sampling , the output current is made zero by opening
the output loop

STEP-3:

(i) for series mixing the input current is made zero by opening the input
loop
(ii). For shunt mixing the input voltage is made zero by shorting the
input loop

Ensure the feedback is reduced to zero without altering the loading on the amplifier
K L UNIVERSITY 25
STEP-4

Replace each active device by its h-paramerter model at low frequency
if required

STEP 5:

Find A, the open loop gain of the amplifier

STEP-6:

Indicate Xf and Xo on the circuit and evaluate =Xf Xo

STEP - 7:

From A and find D,Af,Rif, Rof and R`of
K L UNIVERSITY 26
NYQUEST CRITERION

IT IS USED TO PLOT GAIN AND PHASE SHIFT AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY
ON COMPLEX PLANE

A Is a complex number and function of frequency, points in the complex
plane are obtained for the value of A corresponding to values of f from
to +
The Locus of all points forms a closed curve

Nyquist criterion for stability states that an amplifier is unstable of the Nyquist
curve encloses the (-1+j0) point. and if the amplifier is stable if the curve does
not encloses this point.

1+A = 1 represents a circle of unit radius with the centre at (-1+j0) point.
1+A > 1 represents negative feed back
1+A < 1 represents positive feed back
If the locus A does not enclose the point (-1+j0) i.e 1+A > 1 then the
amplifier is stable and the feedback is negative for all frequencies
K L UNIVERSITY 27
K L UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ECE
DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
28