ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND

INTERATOMIC BONDING
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
An atom consists of a
nucleus composed of
protons and neutrons
and electrons which
encircle the nucleus.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Atomic number (Z) = Number protons =
number of electrons.

Atomic mass (A) = # proton + # neutron

Atomic mass unit (amu)
1 amu = 1/12 mass of Carbon 12 (12C)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Atomic weight: A
Weighted average of atomic masses of naturally
occurring isotopes.

Atomic weight of carbon is 12.011 amu.

Atomic weight is often in mass per mole.

A mole:
Amount of matter that has a mass in grams equal
to the atomic mass in amu

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Isotopes:
Elements that have different atomic masses

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
One Mole contains Avogadros number of
atoms,
N
av
= 6.023 10
23
.

N
av
= 1 gram/1 amu.
Example:
Atomic weight of iron = 55.85 amu/atom
= 55.85 g/mol


ATOMIC STRUCTURE
QUANTUM NUMBERS:

There are four quantum numbers; their
symbols are n, l, m and s. EVERY electron
in an atom has a specific, unique set of
these four quantum numbers.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Electron configuration
(stable)
...
...
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
(stable)
...
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
(stable)
Atomic #


18
...
36
Element
1s
1

1 Hydrogen
1s
2
2 Helium
1s
2
2s
1

3 Lithium
1s
2
2s
2
4 Beryllium
1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
5 Boron
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
6 Carbon
...
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
(stable)
10 Neon
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
11 Sodium
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2

12 Magnesium
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
13 Aluminum
...
Argon
...
Krypton
Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
ELECTRONS IN ATOMS
Atomic model:
Bohr atomic
- electrons revolve
around the atomic
nucleus in discrete orbital
and the energies of
electrons are quantized.
ELECTRONS IN ATOMS
Wave mechanical
- Electron exhibits
both wavelike and
particle-like characteristics,
its position is considered to
be a probability
distribution

TYPES OF BONDING
Primary Bonding:
- Also known as Chemical Bond
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic

Secondary Bonding:




PRIMARY BONDING
IONIC:
Ionic bonding is the
complete transfer of
valence electron(s)
between atoms.

An ionic bond is formed
when an atom loses or
gains one or more
electrons from its outer
shell.

PRIMARY BONDING
Between metallic and
nonmetallic

The Attractive bonding
forces are coulombic

Ionic materials are
characteristically hard
and brittle and,
furthermore,
electrically and
thermally insulative
PRIMARY BONDING
COVALENT:

Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons
between atoms.
In this type of bonding, atoms share their
valence electrons to get a stable configuration.
This type of bonding occurs between two of
the same element or elements close to each
other in the periodic table.
PRIMARY BONDING
Methane (CH4): Four
hydrogen atoms share their
valence
electrons with one carbon atom
and the carbon atom in turn
shares one valence electron
with each of the four hydrogen
atoms. In the process both H
and C atoms get stable
configuration and form a
covalent bond.
Example:
PRIMARY BONDING
Example:

a Phosphorous molecule
is sharing its 3 unpaired
electrons with 3 Chlorine
atoms. In the end product,
all four of these molecules
have 8 valence
electrons and satisfy the
octet rule.
PRIMARY BONDING
METALLIC:
Metallic bonding, the
final primary bonding
type, is found in metals
and their alloys.

Metallic bonding is the
electromagnetic
interaction between
delocalized electrons
The diagram above shows
metallic bonding.
PRIMARY BONDING
Metallic bonding is found in the
periodic table for Group IA and
IIA elements