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HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY

What is biodiversity hot spot?


Important criteria for a region to be a hotspot:
i)Vascular endemic plants
ii)Primary vegetation.
Biodiversity hotspots are a method to identify
those regions of the world where attention is needed to
address biodiversity loss and to guide investments in
conservation.
EVOLUTION OF BIODIVERSITY
THREE IMPORATANT STAGES: INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
UPDATION
ENDEMIC SPECIES:
Species that have very restricted
distribution and are found relatively small ranges
THE 34 TERRESTRIAL HOTSPOTS
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34 HOTSPOTS
ARE: 1) Atlantic Forest
2) California Floristic Province
3) Cape Floristic Province
4) Caribbean Islands
5) Caucasus
6) Brazilian Cerrado
7) Central Chile
8) Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa
9) East Melanesian Islands
10) Eastern African Afromantane
11) Guinean Forests of West Africa
12) Himalayas
13) Horn of Africa
14) Indo-Burma
15) Irano-Anatolia
16) Japan
17) Madagascar and Indian Ocean
Islands
18) Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands
19) Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany
20) Mediterranean Basin
21) Mesoamerica
22) Mountains of Central Asia
23) Hengduan Mountains of Southwest
China
24) New Caledonia
25) New Zealand
26) Philippines
27) Polynesia-Micronesia
28) Southwest Australia
29) Succulent Karoo
30) Sundaland
31) Tropical Andes
32) Tumbs-Choc-Magdalena
33) Wallacea
34) Western Ghats and Sri Lanka

THE 11 MARINE HOTSPOTS
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The 11 Marine Hotspots
1) Philippines
2) Sundaland Islands
3) Wallacea
4) Gulf of Guinea
5) Southern Mascarene Islands
6) Eastern South Africa
7) North Indian Ocean
8) Southern Japan, Taiwan and Southern
China
9) Cape Verde Islands
10) Western Caribbean
11) Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
REASONS FOR HIGH CONCENTRATION OF
HOTSPOTS (TROPICAL REGIONS)
1. High diversity
2. High degree of endemism
3. Land availability
4. Habitat loss and destruction
5. Biological accomodation
6. Region of occurrences
7. Share characteristics
8. Climatic conditions
9. Canopy
10.Availability of plant species
11.Social and economical issues

DISTRIBUTION OF ENDEMIC (RARE) TERRESTRIAL
SPECIES AND FRESHWATER FISH-PLANTS
Tropical Andes Hotspot

Sundaland Hotspot

Cape Floral Kingdom


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Distribution of Endemic (rare) Terrestrial Species and
Freshwater Fish-Mammals
Sundaland hotspot
Madagascar and indian ocean islands hotspot
Wallacea hotspot


Distribution of Endemic (rare) Terrestrial Species
and Freshwater Fish-Birds

Distribution of Endemic (rare) Terrestrial Species
and Freshwater Fish-Birds
Tropical Andes hotspot
Wallacea hotspot
Overexploitation of resources
Pollution
Loss/Degradation of habitat
Extinction of species due to aggressive non-native
species
Global environmental changes
Fragmentation
Poaching
Economic and social causes
Deforestration
Threats in terrestrial areas
Degradation, destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats
Decrease in the capacity of the agricultural areas to host wildlife
Pollution of soils, air and water
Invasions by alien species
Epidemics affecting wildlife
Climate change
Dessication of soils and wetlands
Recreation and leisure
Threats in marine areas
Overfishing and decline of species
Pollution and eutrophication
Degradation and destruction of the sea floor
Alien species introductions
Leisure and tourism

CONSERVATION
Priority identification of regions
Protection of areas
Incentive measures
Ecotourism mutually beneficial

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