Chapter 1

Learning Outcomes:
1. Refresh familiarity with organic functional groups

2. Define the basic types macromolecules in
biochemistry

3. Describe and contrast the attributes of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the basis for
classifying organisms

4. Refresh basic thermodynamics: What is free
energy and how does it relate to spontaneity in
biochemical reactions

Refresh familiarity with organic functional
groups

Define the basic types macromolecules in
biochemistry

Lipids in a
membrane
Describe and contrast the attributes of prokaryotes
and eukaryotes and the basis for classifying
organisms

Prokaryote: Greek derivation meaning before
the nucleus
single-celled organisms
include bacteria and cyanobacteria
Eukaryote: Greek derivation meaning true
nucleus
contain a well-defined nucleus surrounded by
a nuclear membrane
can be single celled, such as yeasts and
Paramecium, or multicellular, such as animals
and plants


5 kingdoms
Simpler way: 3 Domains

Refresh basic thermodynamics: What is free
energy and how does it relate to spontaneity
in biochemical reactions
A. Gibbs free-energy change (G);
G = H - TS.
Sign of G used as a criterion for
determining spontaneity of a process.
a. G negative spontaneous-
exergonic-energy given off
b. G positive nonspontaneous-
endergonic-energy is required.
G = free energy content of a closed system
H = enthalpy (reflects number and types of bonds)
S = entropy T = absolute temperature

Spontaneous reactions have negative G
endergonic reactions - positive G / require energy
exergonic reactions - negative G / liberate free
energy

1. Heats of reaction - enthalpies of chemical change.
Reflects the number and kinds of bonds.
2. Endergonic reactions.
a. H
products
> H
reactants

b. heat flows into the system from the
surroundings
c. H is positive
3. Exergonic reactions.
a. H
products
< H
reactants

b. heat flows to the surroundings from the system
c. H is negative

Entropy - (S) - the amount of molecular disorder or
randomness in a system.
1. The larger the value of S, the greater the molecular
randomness.
2. S = S
final
S
initial
.
3. S
final
> S
initial

a. S is positive
b. system has become more random
4. S
final
< S
initial

a. S is negative
b. system has become less random

Refresh ATP reactions

Problems:

These are thought problems that will prepare you for
what is to come in later chapters. They also review some
organic chemistry.

1, 2, 3, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 49, 50.