OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing For LTE

Radio Frequency Team
Etisalat Egypt


Mostafa Adawy
Work Shop Agenda

oDigital Signal
oChannel Impact
oNoise
oError Rate
oChannel Paths
oNarrow band Transmission
oFDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
oOFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)




Digital Signal
Time Domain
Digital Signal
Digital Signal in Transmission
Base Band Digital Signal
During Transmission No need for Carrier

Short Range
oWire line
oOptical Fibre
oTransmission Line
oShort Range Transmission


Pass Band Digital Signal
During Transmission a Carrier is needed

Long Range Transmission
Wireless Transmission
oModulation is needed

o Base band Signal (No need for Carrier ,Short Range Transmission )






Channel
Channel
Digital Signal (Contd)
RX TX
oPass Band Signal (Wireless Transmission need a carrier )
Why I need a Carrier ?

Wave Length = C/F Frequency is Small Will be large Antenna Will be large

Signal Range 2KHZ up to 20 KHZ C= 3*10^8 m/s

= 10 Km Antenna with Range in KM
TX M
DM
Rx
Channel Impact ?
Transmission of digital data over a channel typically suffers
oNoise
oMulti Path
Inter-symbol interference (ISI)



oNoise / Multi paths often occur simultaneously.
oDuring Solving the Case ?
oFor simplicity, During analysis treat each separately.
oNoise
oMulti paths

Channel
Channel Impact
TX
Rx
Channel
Noise
TX
Noise Problem
oNoise is Random signal (+ve /-ve)
oSolution of Noise
oGet Max SNR at the output for the signal So that I can decode
oHow I can get Max SNR ?
Add Filter at the Rx

o Matched Filter :Designed to get samples with Max SNR
Noise Problem
Channel
Noise
TX
Matched Filter
H(t)
t=T
At t=T
Max SNR
Matched Filter
oDoesnt make Amplification why? (Not Amplifier)
oIf it make amplification I will make noise enhancement
oHave chance to get signal (Sample at MAX SNR )

oDesigned with H(t) so that the Out signal has max SNR

Matched Filter
H(t)
0 T
Integrate
0 T
oIntegration as if I make Summation at all the points

oSummation is Good for noise
As the Noise is random +ve or ve
So that the noise can disappear

oIncrease the signal amplitude
oIncrease the duration
Get better SNR

Noise Problem (Contd)
Max SNR
Matched Filter
H(t)
Summation of all points
Threshold
y(T)
> Threshold +1
< Threshold -1
Channel
Noise
TX
Matched
Filter
H(t)
t=T
At t=T
Max SNR
Decision
Device
output
Y(t)
Y(T)
Noise Problem (Contd)
SNR and Error Rate
Any Receiver should have acceptable Error Rate to Decode
Performance of Digital system is measured by Error Rate
oBER
oFER
oSER

BER =10^-5
Every 100 000 Bit we have one bit wrong on average

To decode a signal (Voice ) I should have acceptable Error Rate

BER
SNR
Rx1 $ $
@ high noise I can
Rx2 Rx3
SNR Decreased BER increase cant decode
SNR and Decoding
RX
Acceptable
Error Rate
Channel Paths
Channel Paths
Ideal Channel
Channel response
(t)
Ideal Channel
(t)
ISI Channel
Inter symbol
interference
(t)

3

Main Path
Path 1
Path 2
Frequency Domain
Limited Time Unlimited in Freq
Freq Freq
Time Domain
You need Cure
Channel (Contd)
Equalization
oEqualizer to overcome multi path channel impact
oShadow
oFading


Solution
Equalizer
Channel H(f)
S(t)
Noise=0
Equalizer
S(t)
Channel
Equalizer
H(f)
1/H(f)
Overcome
Channel Impact
oSignal pass through equalizer whose response (Transfer function) is the inverse of the
channel

What is the problem now ? (Noise Matched Filter / Channel Paths Equalizer)
oChannel : Time variant channel

oThe Equalizer design is very difficult
Channel Estimation
Design the equalizer response (difficult ==> time variant channel)
Channel (Contd)
h(t)
t
Channel paths
Echo's
Delay spread of the channel
h(f)
f
There is No way I can see the channel flat
Time Domain
Frequency domain
As the delay increase the frequency variations are high
Channel (Contd)

No Problem
Narrow band Transmission
FM Radio
GSM
h(f)
f
Narrow band Transmission
o200 KHz
oChannel is almost flat
oIF the transmission BW is almost narrow enough
Channel is almost flat
No need to make equalization
Even if equalizer is present it will be very simple
Narrow band Transmission
oNarrow band Transmission
Radio Signal (AM ,FM Radio signal band 200 KHz up to 400 KHz )
2G Signal
Both signals combined
in the air interface
SC Code 1 Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Signal 1
SC Code 2
Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Signal 2
Spread Spectrum
Processing Gain
SC Code 1
Signal 1 is reconstructed
Signal 2 looks like noise
Both signals are
received together
AT THE RECEIVER...
Two Transmitters at the same frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
3G ?
As if Narrow band
Problem
Wide band Transmission
oWide band Transmission
LTE service
Internet service (WiMAX)
TV channel (5Mhz ) DVBH
oWide band Transmission : BW 1.4 MHZ to 20 MHZ
Wide band Transmission
h(f)
f
Wide Band Tran.
oTo Find equalizer can remove the channel impact is very complex
Time variant channel
oSolution 1
Time variant equalizer (adaptive equalizer )
Solution 2



OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency division
multiplexing

OFDM orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
oUsed in Wide band Transmission
oTechnique at which data is sent on many carriers
f
h(f)
oDivide the wide band channel into narrow band channels
Channel is almost flat within Subcarrier
As if dealing with narrow band channels
LTE :
Each sub channel is 15 KHZ
BW =5 MHZ
512 sub channel
FACTS
Main Path
Path 1
ISI Impact is Very High
Pulse Stretch
ISI Impact is Little
o(Pulse Shaping-time stretch)
oIncreasing the duration leads to decrease the ISI impact

oIncrease the Duration leads to decrease the channel impact
Freq. variations will be in limited band
Ts
1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts
-1/Ts -3/Ts -2/Ts -4/Ts
Time
Frequency
S(t)
S(f)
Time Domain
Frequency domain
Go to Zero at 1/Ts pulse duration
I need the peak
Ts
1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts -1/Ts
-3/Ts
-2/Ts -4/Ts
Frequency
4 Symbols each of Duration Ts
[S(f)]
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
Put the Symbols on the BW
S(0)
S(1)
S(3)
S(2)
Peak of one is the Zero of the others
Example
Frequency
2/Ts 2/Ts 2/Ts 2/Ts
Band Width
Is the FDM is band width efficient ?

oFrom the above graph it is not BW efficient

oI Can get Smaller BW so that peak of one is the Zero of the others

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts -1/Ts
-3/Ts
-2/Ts -4/Ts
Freq
2/Ts 2/Ts 2/Ts
F1 F3 F4
Freq
F2
Case 1 :FDM
Case 2 :
oPulse Shaping (Time stretch)
Decrease the BW
oChoose the correct Frequency
So that Peak of one is Zeros of others
Case 2
oBW is less than case 1
oCase 2 is more BW efficient
oI can chose frequency so that the peak of one is at the Zeros of the others
Time is stretched
Ts
S(0)
Ts Ts Ts
4Ts
S(0)
4Ts
S(1)
S(2)
S(4)
4Ts
4Ts
4Ts
Step 1 Parallel Transmission
/Stretching

F0 F2 F3
Frequency
F1
Step 2 :FDM
Chose freq at which the peak of one is the zeros of the others
FDM OFDM
S(1) S(2) S(3)
nTs
S/P
Orthogonality Rule
Fo=1/4Ts
F1=2/4TS
Fn= integers of 1/nTs
S(0)
S(n-1)
High BW
Serial
to
Parallel
Ts
nTs
Low BW
S(1)
S(0)
S(2)
S(n-1)
E^j2f0
E^j2f1
E^j2f2
E^j2f(n-1)

X(n)
f
h(f)
Peak of one is Zeros of others
Data on Sub Carriers
Narrow Band Transmission

IFFT (inverse frour Transform )
S(0)
S(n-1)
Serial to
Parallel
S(1)
S(0)
S(2)
S(n-1)
IFFT
X(n)
E^j2f0
E^j2f1
E^j2f(n-1)

X(n)
In LTE I have 512 subcarrier
So I will need 512 Crystal oscillator
Serial
to
Parallel
D/A
Converter
FFT
Parall
el To
Series
IFFT
Parallel
to series
Serial
to
Parallel
A/D
Converter
Thank You