Effect of Water Quality Improvement

in Raw Water Source on Water

Treatment Cost: A Case Study of
West Tarum Canal in Java


Aug 22, 2011


Ibnu Samsi, Myong Jin Yu
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL

UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
WTC System and Water Quality Monitoring Points
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
West Tarum Canal (WTC)
Cibeet, Cikarang and Bekasi River intercepted by WTC.
Erosion by deforestration, and discharge of untreated domestic and
industrial wastewater in the basins of three rivers.
Deterioration of WTC water quality.
Water Uses of WTC
Raw water supply to Water Treatment Plants (16.3m
3
/sec to Jakarta)
Irrigation
Industrial Uses
River Water Classification CLASS I
(Gov. Regulation No. 82/2001 concerning water quality management)
Present Water Quality of WTC
Out of Class IV based on some parameters, BOD, DO, COD, SS,
Fecal Coliform
Introduction
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Parameters Units CLASS I CLASS IV
Temperature C Dev. 3 Dev. 5
TDS mg/L 1000 2000
SS mg/L 50 400
Turbidity NTU -
pH mg/L 6-9 5-9
BOD mg/L 2 12
COD mg/L 10 100
DO mg/L 6 0
NH
3
-N mg/L 0.5 -
NO
3
-N mg/L 10 20
Fe mg/L 0.3 -
Mn mg/L 0.1 -
Key Water Parameters for WTC
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Turbidity
The most important quality parameter affecting coagulant dose in water
treatment
WHO sets maximum level 5 NTU, 1 NTU for successful disinfection
Less than 0.1 NTU applied to filtered water for removal of Giardia and
Cryptosporidium
Raw water turbidity ranged from 3 to 28,239 NTU at Buaran WTP
which takes raw water downstream of WTC
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Water Quality Levels at WTC and Crossing Rivers
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 94 93
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Year
B
O
D
,

m
g
/
L
1 Curug
11 Cibeet
12 Cikarang
13 Bekasi
9 BTb.51

BOD
5
levels at the West Tarum Canal and crossing rivers
during the period 1993-2010
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Turbidity levels at the West Tarum Canal and crossing rivers
during the period 1993-2010
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 94 93
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Year
T
u
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
,

N
T
U
1 Curug
11 Cibeet
12 Cikarng
13 Bekasi
9 BTb.51

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Raw water turbidity
20000 10000 6000 3000 1000 500 100 50 10
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tur bidity, NTU
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
9
18 17
29
32
28
23 23
33 34
28
34
42
80
115
117
122 122
148
141
118
78
110
129
101
57
26
1 0 0 0 0 0
Daily average
30000 20000 10000 6000 3000 1000 500 100 50 10
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tur bidity, NTU
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
1 1
3
17
29
37
16 17
24
30
16
29
25 26
36
20
24
34
53
75 74
106
80
112
98
123
135
109
86
107
109
90
64
11
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Daily max imum
20000 10000 6000 3000 1000 500 100 50 10
200
150
100
50
0
Tur bidity, NTU
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 4
1
10
13
22
28
44
41
60
81
127
153
180
157
171
130
116
102
167
68
76
58
1 3
0 0 1
Daily minimum
Raw water turbidity frequencies at
Buaran WTP
during the period 2006-2010
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Yearly frequencies of raw water turbidity at Buaran WTP
Turbidity, NTU
Frequency of
daily average
Frequency of
daily maximum
0 ~ 300 298 253
300 ~ 1000 32 47
1000 ~3000 27 27
3000 ~ 10000 8 23
10000 ~ 14
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BOD
5
and turbidity along WTC will be compared
in the following conditions.
Present
After Bekasi siphon construction
After Bekasi and Cikarang siphon construction
After Bekasi and Cibeet siphon construction
After Bekasi, Cikarang and Cibeet siphon construction
Results and discussion
Effects of separation of three rivers on water quality of WTC
Bekasi siphon most effective in reducing both BOD
5
and turbidity
Cikarang siphon more effective in BOD
5
reduction.
Cibeet siphon more effective in turbidity reduction.
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Effects of siphons on water qualities at the Buaran WTP intake
using water quality data during the period 1993-2010
Alternatives
BOD
at Buaran
(mg/L)
BOD
reduction
(%)
Turbidity
at Buaran
(NTU)
Turbidity
reduction
(%)
Present 8.22 822.9
Bekasi siphon 6.53 20.5 624.7 24.1
Bekasi &
Cikarang siphon
5.70 30.7 504.4 38.7
Bekasi & Cibeet
siphon
6.2 25.0 455.3 44.7
Bekasi, Cikarang
& Cibeet siphon
5.26 36.0 304.5 63.0
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Turbidity frequency change at Buaran WTP
after the construction of siphons
Turbidity
range, NTU
Present
frequency
Frequency
after Bekasi
siphon
Frequency
after Bekasi
&Cikarang
siphon
Frequency
after Bekasi
&Cibeet
siphon
Frequency
after Bekasi,
Cikarang &
Cibeet siphon
0 ~ 300 298 314 324 328 340
300 ~ 1000 32 24 20 18 15
1000 ~3000 27 20 17 15 10
3000 ~ 10000 8 6 5 4 0
Improvement of raw water turbidity by separation of three rivers
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Chemicals used for turbidity removal
Chemicals used at the Buaran WTP
Chemical Component Use Unit price
Alum (Liquid) Aluminum sulphate Coagulation $200-400 per ton
PAC Polyaluminium chloride Coagulation $300-320 per ton
Sudfloc A Aluminum chlorohydrate Coagulation $750-800 per ton
LT20 Polyacrylamide Coagulation aid $4.99 per kg
LT7994
Polydiallyldimethylammoni
um Chloride
Coagulation aid $4.99 per kg
Lime Calcium hydroxide pH adjustment $90-200 per ton
Chlorine Liquid chlorine Disinfection $100-300 per ton

Daily average, maximum and minimum turbidity.
Chemical doses such as alum, PAC, Sudfloc A, LT 20,
LT7994, lime and chlorine every two hours.

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Relation between daily average turbidity
removed and chemicals used
In general one kind of coagulant such as Alum or PAC is used in
moderately turbid raw water.
Extremely high turbidity in high frequency makes purification
processes extremely difficult.
Therefore, combination of three kinds of coagulant is used to
strengthen the effects of each ones, and either of two kinds of
polyelectrolyte is applied to make dense floc.
Turbidity removal was related to the combined action of Alum, PAC,
Sudofloc A and polyelectrolytes as follows:

Average turbidity = - 411 + 2.65 Alum + 0.67 PAC + 12.4 Sudofloc A
+ 1919 Total polymer

The R
2
measure for the model is 0.617.
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Water treatment cost saving by separation of three rivers
An empirical approach was tried to develop a model that relates chemical
cost per unit of treated water to raw water quality.
Water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH, organic matter and color
of raw water which are available and considered to influence coagulation
process were included in regression equations.
Costs/1000m
3
for all the chemicals was related to the raw water turbidity
with R
2
of 0.197 as follows.

Cost/1000m
3
= 23.2 + 0.00464 Daily average turbidity

The R
2
was not increased much more by including more parameters.
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Chemical cost reductions at the water treatment plants using raw water
from WTC for water quality management alternatives (in US $)
Yearly chemical cost
Yearly chemical cost reduction by
applying alternatives
Alternatives Buaran WTP
All the WTPs using
WTC raw water
Buaran WTP
All the WTPs using
WTC raw water
Present 4,402,139 13,686,650
Bekasi siphon 4,340,099 13,493,763 62,040 192,886
Bekasi &
Cikarang siphon
4,302,515 13,376,911 99,624 309,739
Bekasi & Cibeet
siphon
4,287,070 13,328,889 115,069 357,760
Bekasi, Cikarang
& Cibeet siphon
4,202,042 13,064,529 200,097 622,120
UNIVERSITY OF SEOUL
Conclusions
Water quality improvement in terms of turbidity and BOD in the
downstream of WTC was evaluated with application of alternatives in
siphon constructions.
Then yearly savings in chemicals cost were derived applying chemical
cost per unit of water treated estimated in the wide range of raw water
turbidity at Buaran WTP.
These savings in chemicals would be only part of cost savings in water
treatment. Other savings in labor, electricity and maintenance from less use
of chemicals and disposal of less sludge should be included for complete
analysis.
There is difficulty in assessing management alternatives by only limited
general water quality parameters such as BOD and turbidity which come
from organic pollution and sediment. Load assessment for industrial
sources will be necessary in crossing river basins to know the possibility in
release of harmful pollutants into the raw water to WTPs.
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