- Now we will look at the other portions of the eyeball.

The
eye can essentially be divided into 3 layers:
- 1) sclera tough connective tissue that continues
anteriorly as the cornea.
- 2) choroid or uveal layer vascular, loose connective
tissue that includes the ciliary body and the iris
anteriorly.
- 3) retina contains photosensory cells in the
posterior portion and a non-sensory two-layered
epithelium in the anterior portion. The boundary is
marked by the ora serrata.
- Note how the photosensory retina is interrupted by nerve
fibers and blood vessels leaving the eye at the optic nerve.
- The fovea centralis in the macula is a focal region of
thinner retinal epithelium important for visual acuity.

- The ora serrata is shown at higher magnification in the
bottom panel. Note the transition from the tall, multi-layered
photosensory epithelium into the two-layered pigmented
epithelium.
- The layer adjacent to the vitreous body and aqueous humor
is unpigmented, but the bottom layer remains pigmented.
- Note the other two layers of the eye the choroid and the
sclera as labeled.
- The 3 layers of the eye are shown here again. Note the
retina, the choroid, and the sclera. The top panel also
indicates an extraocular muscle and some orbital fat.
- Note the 10 distinct layers of the retina. Light travels
through all layers of the retina and strikes the photoreceptor
cells rods (more sensitive in dim light) and cones (more
sensitive to bright light and color). Impulses are then sent
back up through the integrative neurons to the ganglion cells,
which finally bring the impulses to the optic nerve.
- The photoreceptor cells are embedded in the retinal pigment
epithelium, which is the weak spot and susceptible to retinal
detachment.
- The top panel shows the retina as viewed through the ophthalmoscope (with much
practice). The numbered areas are magnified in the histological slides.
- In the generic retina (#1, bottom left), note the multiple layers. There is a small
vein in the ganglion cell layer and some small capillaries from retinal vessels in the
inner nuclear layer (arrows). Rods and cones receive nourishment from the underlying
network of capillaries in the choroid.
- The fovea centralis (#2, bottom middle) in the macula lutea is the region of greatest
visual acuity. Note the characteristic thinning of the epithelium. In the top left panel,
the macula lutea is indicated by the circle, and the fovea centralis within the macula
lutea is indicated by the arrow. The fovea contains no rod cells; it is composed of
exclusively cone cells.
- The optic disk (#3, bottom right) is the region where the retinal nerve fibers exit the
eye as the optic nerve. It is also the region where blood vessels enter. Note
discontinuity in the retinal epithelium in this area, creating the blind spot.
Mata Merah
Hiperemia konjungtiva terjadi akibat bertambahnya
asupan pembuluh darah atau berkurangnya
pengeluaran darah seperti pada pembendungan
pembuluh darah
Mata merah peradangan akut konjungtivitis,
keratitis, iridosiklitis
Pembuluh darah pada konjungtiva:
A. konjungtiva posterior memperdarahi
konjungtiva bulbi
A. siliar anterior atau episklera, mempunyai cabang:
A. episklera & a. siliar post longus a. sirkular
mayor atau pleksus siliar memperdarahi iris
dan badan siliar
A. perikornea memperdarahi kornea
A. episklera (di atas sklera) memperdarahi
dalam bola mata