The Millennium Development Goals and

Human Development

Sakiko Fukuda-Parr
Director Human Development Report Office
UNDP
International symposium, Tokyo 9 October, 2002

The millennium goals are human
development goals
Progress is too slow
What it will take
Nationally: Democratic governance
Internationally: Partnership of rich
countries
An overview
The millennium goals: an overview


1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (1.2 billion have less than $1
a day, 800 million are hungry)
2. Achieve universal primary education (113 million children are not in
school)
3. Promote gender equality and empower women (60% of children
not in school are girls, women have on average only 14% of seats in parliaments)
4. Reduce child mortality (every day 30,000 children die of preventable
causes.)
5. Improve maternal health (In Africa, a woman has 1 chance in 13 of dying
in childbirth)
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (40 million are
living with HIV/AIDS, 75% of them in Africa)
7. Ensure environmental sustainability (1.1 billion people do not have
access to clean water, over 2 billion to sanitation)
8. Develop a global partnership for development (ODA declined from
53 to 51 billion from 1990 to 2001)
What are MDGs
What are MDGs
The millennium goals: an overview. By 2015:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
a. Halve the proportion living on less than $1
a day
b. Halve the proportion suffering from hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
a. Ensure universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower
women
a. Eliminate gender disparities in education.
What are MDGs
The millennium goals: an overview

4. Reduce child mortality
a. Reduce infant and under-five mortality by 2/3
5. Improve maternal health
a. Reduce maternal mortality by
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
a. Halt and begin to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
b. Halt and begin to reverse the spread of malaria
and other major diseases
What are MDGs
The millennium goals: an overview

7. Ensure environmental sustainability
a. Integrate the principles of sustainable
development and begin to reverse the loss of
environmental resources
b. Halve the proportion without access to safe
drinking water
c. Improve the lives of at least 100million slum
dwellers (by 2020)
What are MDGs
The millennium goals: an overview
8. Develop a global partnership for development
a. Develop further an open, rule based
predictable, non-discriminatory trading and
financial system
b. Include the commitment to good governance,
development and poverty reduction both
nationally and internationally
What are MDGs
The millennium goals: an overview
8. Develop a global partnership for development
c. Address the special needs of the least
developed countries, including tariff and quota
free access for LDC exports. Enhanced
programme of debt relief for HIPCs and
cancellation of official bi-lateral debt and
generous ODA for countries committed to
poverty reduction.
d. Address the special needs of landlocked
countries and small island developing states.
What are MDGs
The millennium goals: an overview
8. Develop a global partnership for development
e. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems
of developing countries, through national and
international measures in order to make debt
sustainable in the long-term
f. In co-operation with developing countries
develop and implement strategies for decent
and productive work for youth.
What are MDGs
The millennium goals: an overview
8. Develop a global partnership for development
g. In co-operation with pharmaceutical
companies provide access to affordable
essential drugs in developing countries.
h. In co-operation with the private sector make
available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications.
MDGs are human development goals
Human development is about widening choices
people have in life, to lead a life to its full
potential and in dignity. At the core of this
process is expanding capabilities:

1. To be knowledgeable
2. To be healthy and survive
3. To enjoy a decent standard of living
4. To enjoy political and civil liberties, and
participate in the life of a community.
MDGs are HD goals - a tool of mobilisation and framework of
accountability
The MDGs represent an unprecedented political
consensus on time bound quantified indicators.
MDGs are:
Not a new model of development, but
A tool of political mobilization
A framework of accountability for national
governments, international donors, and many
other actors that have a role in development
local NGOs, international NGOs, womens
groups, trade unions, private businesses, the
media, the judiciary.global citizens


MDGs are HD goals a historical perspective
on setting goals
Setting goals is the easy part.
The bad,
DAC commits to 0.7% GDP in 1970; average
disbursements in 2000 was 0.22%
Health for all by 2000 set in 1978
the good,
UNICEFs immunization goals
and the possible?
The MDGs have mobilized more political
momentum than any goals before


Progress is too slow: globally
7
Safe water
Maternal mortality
Child malnutrition
Gender equality
Basic education
Child mortality
HIV/AIDS
Poverty
Achieved To be achieved
No reliable and comparable data
1990 2000 2015
MDG progress in 1990s
40%
HDR2002: MDG analysis overall (119
countries)
0
20
40
60
On track in
less than half
Half to three-
quarters
Over three-
quarters
0
20
40
60
23
33
8
31
55
2
SSA
26% 33% 23%
Progress is too slow: for many
countries
HDR2002: MDG analysis goal by goal
Failing to grow out of income poverty
20
52
20
75
4
24
Falling
income
0 to 3.7%
growth
over 3.7%
growth
SSA
Total
Progress is too slow goal by goal
Progress is too slow: which
countries are failing
Overall regional performance: % of countries in region on track
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Eastern Europe &CIS
South Asia
East Asia
Arab States
Latin America
Sub-Saharan Africa
On track in:
Less than 1/2
1/2 to
3/4 Over 3/4
MDGs: An advantage to the more developed?
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
HDI value
On track
in:
3/4 or more
Less than 1/2
1/2 to 3/4
Medium HD Low HD High HD
The less developed fairing worse
Progress is too slow: which countries
are failing?
Number of countries in conflict by MDG
performance
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
<1/2 1/2 to 3/4 3/4 + No data
Afghanistan
Burundi
India
Iraq
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philppines
Turkey
Algeria
Indonesia
Iran
Mauritius
Peru
Russia
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Angola
Congo, dem.
Israel
Rwanda
Somalia
Source: Stokholm Int. Peace Institute. >1000 conflict related deaths per year
Conflict and performance in the MDGS
Progress is too slow: which countries are failing?
Is Growth a pre-requisite to MDG success?
13
7
17
15
13
17
24
17
4
6
14
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Less than 1/2 1/2 to 3/4 More than 3/4 No data
Negative
growth
0 to 3%
growth
over 3%
growth
Progress is too slow: which countries
are failing?

Getting poorer but progressing
9
3
2 2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
EE & CIS Arab
states
East Asia Latin
America
SSA
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzatan
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia
Moldova
Romania
Russia
Algeria
Kuwait
Saudi
Arabia
Brunei Dar.
Mongolia
Paraguay
Ecuador
Comoros
Progress is too slow: which countries
are failing?
What it will take - nationally
Public policy that responds to the needs of ordinary
people, especially the poor. That happens when:
Decision makers are accountable to people
Ordinary people have a say in decision making -
with one person one voice
Governance is not just efficient but fair and
protects human rights, when governance is
democratic.

What it will take nationally
deepening democracy
Deepening democracy requires:
Spread of democratic institutions
Spread of democratic politics
What it will take: Deepening democracy
Deepening democracy
Direct role to be able to participate
and effect the decisions that effect your
life is an integral part of human
development
Indirect role participating in the
political process can lead to
improvements in other aspects of human
development
What it will take: partnership with rich
countries
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for
development
Aid
Debt
Trade
Technology

What it will take: partnership with rich
countries
What it will take: partnership
with rich countries

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
1990 2000
A
i
d

a
s

%

o
f

G
N
P
EU
Japan
USA
DAC target
0.7%
Aid from donor countries
What it will take: partnership
with rich countries
Aid to recipient countries
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
1990 2000
A
i
d

p
e
r

c
a
p
i
t
a

(
$
U
S
)
Arab states
Africa
LDCs
Latin America
East Asia
South Asia
What it will take: partnership
with rich countries
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Industrial
products
Labour intensive
manufacturing
Agricultural
goods
%
Tariff protection imposed by high-income
countries
What it will take: partnership
with rich countries
20803
16028
410
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
US EU Low income
countries
Subsidy per farmer
Average per
capita income in
low income
countries
Subsidizing agriculture
What it will take: partnership with rich
countries
What it will take: partnership
with rich countries
The Economist
A level playing field?...
For more: see
Human Development Report 2002: Deepening
Democracy in a Fragmented World
www.undp.org/hdro/

And wait for:
Human Development Report 2003: The Political
Economy of Achieving the MDGs
Publication forthcoming in September 2003

Thank you