Bio 425 Microbiology

Dr. Ronald K. Sizemore

Center for Marine Sciences
962-2304
Sizemorer@uncw.edu
How to catch me?
- Email
- Campus office
- Friday 1002A

or

- Visit the Center!!
Introduction to Bio 425
Aimed at Premed., Predent., Grad. School not for nurses
Assumes solid Senior-level Biology background
Content heavy
Good note taking skills needed
Attendance as needed
Seating Chart to help me try to learn names
Interesting Lab where you will learn many basic Biology skills
My Goals and Expectations
My Goals:
To teach an organized, interesting course
To give fair tests which are graded and returned promptly
To cover the major content of Microbiology and share my
personal experiences in Microbiology

My Expectations:
I expect Senior-level work
Attendance and read text as necessary
Do not disrupt class (i.e. tardiness, leaving class early, etc)
Misc.
Text - Brock Biology of Microorganisms 11
th

Lab- Bensons Microbial Applications 11
th
Short
Edition - MUST be NEW or UNMARKED
Test Dates dont change
1 Dropped Test allowed with prior approval of
instructor
Grade on 10 point scale no +/- grades
Use my website for additional information
http:/people.uncw.edu/sizemorer/rkswww/


Personal Information
Name:
email address:
Major:
Class:
Relevant Classes:
Career Plans
Outside Influences:
Microbiology
Study of Germs?
Bacteria - Bacteriology

Fungi
Study of Fungi -
Mycology
Viruses
Study of Viruses Virology



Algae

Study of Algae
Phycology
Immunology
Study of the immune response
Virus nonliving
Bacteria living cells
Size think small!
Prokaryotes No Nucleus
2 Kingdoms - Domains
Bacteria
Archaea ??
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

- Contain Nucleus

- Higher Organisms?

- More Complex
Laboratory Culture
Pure Culture
Contamination
Culture Media
Petri Dishes
Agar
Sterilize
Aseptic Technique
Molecular Techniques
Why Study Microbiology?

-Understand infectious Diseases
Medicine
-Understand Environmental Processes
Biogeochemistry
-Industrial Applications
Biotechnology
Bio 425 Word List
Microbiology Archaea Culture Media
Bacteriology Eukaryotes Petri Dishes
Virology Nucleus Agar
Immunology Viruses Sterilize
Mycology Aseptic
Phycology Laboratory Technique
Germs Culture Diseases
Living Cells Pure Biogeo-
Prokaryotes Culture chemistry
Bacteria Contamination Biotechnology
Microscopes
Compound Bright-
Field Light
Microscope
Maximum Useful
Magnification =
1200X
Why?
Resolution
Useful magnification is limited by Resolution
Resolution is influenced by Numerical Aperture
(NA)
NA determined by Wavelength of Light and
Refractive Index
Improve Magnification
Shorten Wavelength
Increase Refractive Index
Staining
Simple Stains
Light Microscope -
Colored Dye
Electron Microscope -
Electron Dense
Differential Stains
Gram Stain
Gram Stain
Most Important Stain
Key Bacteriological Test
Conventional Stain
Multiple Steps &
Subjective
Fluorescent Stain
One Step & +/-
Optical Tricks
Oil Immersion Lens


Dark Field Microscope
Other Microscopes
Phase Contrast Microscopes
Fluorescent Microscopes
Electron Microscopes
Shorten wavelength
Scanning Electron
Microscope- SEM
3 Dimensional images
TEM
Better Resolution

Transmission Electron
Microscope
Microscopes Word List
Compound Staining Confocal
Light Simple Scanning
Microscope Differential Laser
Bright-Field Gram Stain Electron
Magnification Phase Microscope
Resolution Contrast Transmission
Numerical Dark-field Scanning
Aperture Fluorescent
Oil Interference
Immersion Contrast
History
Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek
Dutch Cloth Inspector
1684
wee animalcules
Reported to the Royal
Academy of Science
- 1822- 1895 French Chemist
Chance Favors the Prepared Mind
- Spontaneous Generation 1864
Swan-necked Flask
Ignored Spores

Louis Pasteur
John Tyndall
- Helped Pasteur Twice
1. Tyndall box
Air
2. Tyndallization
Method to sterilize heat sensitive materials
Boil Incubate Boil Incubate Boil Sterile
Germ theory
Pasteur Wine disease





Lady Montagu
Lady Montagu , 1718
Introduced variolation to England
Edward Jenner 1798
Smallpox vaccination
Ignaz Semmelweis, 1850
Asked Doctors to wash hands between patients
Robert Lister ,1867
Introduced antiseptics to hospital
Robert Koch
Anthrax
Kochs postulates

Kochs Postulates
1. Suspected pathogen always present in
diseased animal
2. Isolated microorganism in pure culture
3. Re-inoculate healthy organism with pure
culture and cause disease
4. Re-isolate the pathogen in pure culture
Began the Concept of Guinea Pig?
Lead to Discovery of the Cause of Tuberculosis
Chicken Cholera
Pasteur at his best?
Attempted Kochs
postulates
Used old (attenuated)
cultures
Re-inoculates Chicken
Protective Vaccine
Pasteurs Chicken Cholera Experiment
1
st
Experiment
Healthy Chickens
Old
Culture
Fresh
Culture
Live Chicken Dead Chickens
2
nd
Experiment
Attenuated
Vaccinated
Virulent
Rabies Vaccine
Charles Chamberlain
Filterable Viruses
Farmers Cure?
Dried Spinal Tissue
Attenuated Virus?
Joseph Meister
First Rabies Vaccine
Antimicrobial Agents
Paul Ehrlich
Agent 606
Domagk - Prontosil
Alexander Fleming
1929 - Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Selman Waksman, 1942
Streptomycin
Rutgers's Waksman Institute

Modern Molecular Microbiology
Watson&Crick 1953




Kohler & Milstein
1979 - Monoclonal Antibodies
George Kohler
Cesar Milstein
Boyer & Cohen
1975 - Recombinant DNA
Woese & Fox
Archaea 1977
George Fox
Carl Woese
Stanley Pruisner
1981 Prions
Genomics
Kary Mullis 1988
Polymerase Chain
Reaction
PCR DNA copying

Craig Ventor &
Hamilton Smith 1995
Bacterial Genome
Human Genome
2000?
Ed Delong
Marine Archaea
Proteorhodopsin
SAR
Metagenomics
Craig Ventor
Microbiology Timeline
History Word List
Antonio van Semmelweis Attenuation
Leeuwenhoek Lister 1867 Chamberlain
1684 Robert Koch Viruses
Spontaneous Anthrax 1876 Alexander
Generation Kochs Fleming
1864 Postulates 1929
Louis Pasteur Tuberculosis Waksman
Germ Theory Chicken Watson
Lady Montagu Cholera Crick 1953
Jenner 1798 Vaccine 1975
George Kohler &
Cesar Milstein, 1979
Monoclonal
Antibodies
Stanley Cohen &
Herbert Boyer
Recombinant DNA
Carl Woese &
George Fox, 1977
Archaea

Stanley Pruisner, 1981
Prions
Kary Mullins, 1988
PCR
Craig Ventor &
Hamilton Smith,
1995
Human Genome Project
2000
Word list 2
Cell Biology
Prokaryotic Cell
Small ~ 1-2m
01-50 m
Max.?
No Nucleus
Little Internal
Structure
Some are Motile
Unicellular or
Clusters
Always Exceptions?
E. fishelsoni - 600m
Cell Shapes
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
Spirochetes
Appendaged
Cell Clusters
Pairs Diplo
Diplococcus
Chains Strepto..
Streptococcus
Others
Staphylococcus

Cytoplasmic Membrane
Phospholipid Bilayer
No Sterols
Ester linkages
Archaea
Ether linkage
Lipid monolayer
Thermophiles
Membrane Function
Selective Permeability
Transport Proteins
Simple Transport

Group Translocation

Glucose PEP

Glucose
6 PO4 Pyruvate
Transport linked to
Glycolysis
ABC System Transport
Periplamsic-binding protein
Membrane-spanning protein
Kinase

Bacterial Cell Wall
Peptidoglycan,
Murein Layer
n-acetylglucosamine
n-acetylmuramic acid
Peptide Cross Links
Diaminopimelic acid
d-Alanine
1-4 Linkage
Gram Positive Cell Wall
Multi-Track layer
Teichoic Acid
Lysozyme
Protoplast
Autolysins
Archaea
Pseudopeptidoglycan
Gram Negative Envelope
Outer Membrane
Lipopolysaccharides
Peptidoglycan
Periplasmic space
Cytoplasmic
Membrane
Gram Negative Outer Membrane
Lipopolysaccharides
Endotoxins
Pyrogens
Lipid A
Core Polysaccharide
O Polysaccharide
Porins
Periplasmic Space
Prokaryotic DNA
Closed Circles
E. coli chromosome
has 4.6 million Bases
Supercoiled
Haploid
Sometimes Plasmids
Flagella
Polar flagella
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous flagella
Flagellin
Self Assembly

Taxis
Chemotaxis
Tumbles Runs
Phototaxis
Magnetotaxis
Outer Surface
Flagella
Pili - Fimbriae
Capsule
Slime
Layer
Glycocalyx
Inclusion Bodies
Poly--
Hydroxybutyric Acid
Glycogen


Polyphosphate Metachromatic granules




Sulfur
Magnetosomes
Gas Vesicles
Endospores
Most Resistance
Cell
Withstand Boiling
Formed in Cells
Contains Calcium
dipicolinic Acid

Eukaryotic Cells
Contains Organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts


Endosymbiotic Theory


Teichoic Lipoteichoic acid

Cell Biology Word List
Prokaryotic 0.1-50m Transport
Cell Shape 600m Max? Proteins
Bacillus Cytoplasmic Group
Coccus Membrane Translocation
Spirillum Phospholipid Cell Wall
Spirochete Bilayer Peptidoglycan
Appendaged Sterols N-acetyl-
Strepto, Diplo, Archaea glucosamine
Staphylo. Ether-links N-acetyl-
Size? Permeability muramic acid
Cell Biology Word List 2
Peptide Archaea Core Poly-
Cross-links Pseudo- saccharide
Diamino- peptidoglycan Porins
pimelic acid Gram - Periplasmic
D-Alanine Lipopoly- Space
1-4 linkage saccharide Autolysin
Gram+ Outer Prokaryotic
Teichoic acid Membrane DNA
Lysozyme Endotoxin Closed Circles
Protoplast Lipid A 4.6X10
6
Bases
Cell Biology Word List 3
Supercoiled Phototaxis Acid
Haploid Magnetotaxis Glycogen
Plasmids Pili, Fimbriae Poly-
Flagella Capsule, phosphate
Polar Flagella Glycocalyx Metachromatic
Peritrichous Slime layer granules
Flagellin Inclusion Sulfur
Self-Assembly Bodies Magnetosomes
Chemotaxis Poly-- Gas Vesicles
Tumbles-Runs hydroxybutyric Endospores
Cell Biology Word List 4
Endospores Endosymbiotic
Dipicolinic Theory
Acid
Eukaryotic
Organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Nutrition and Metabolism
Metabolism combines:
Anabolism
Biosynthesis with
Catabolism Energy
Generation
Linked by Coupled
Reactions
Metabolic Types
Energy Generation:
Trapping Light Energy
Phototrophs
Chemical Reactions
Chemotrophs




Carbon Source:
CO
2
Lithotrophs
Organic Carbon
Organotroph
Chemoorganotrophs are
also called
Heterotrophs
Chemolithotrophs
Bacterial Nutrition
Macronutrients:
Carbon source
Nitrogen source
Phosphate
Sulfur
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Sodium
Iron
Some bacteria use
Siderophores to
procure iron
Micronutrients:
Trace elements
Growth Factors?
Culture Media
Defined media
known Composition
Complex Media
Organic mixture
Agar to Solidify
Enzymes
Organic Catalysts
Reduced Activation
Energy
How Enzymes Act
Form an Enzyme-
Substrate Complex

Active site of the
Enzyme holds
Substrate

Enzyme Structure
Enzymes are Proteins with Active Sites
Additional Non protein Groups: Cofactors
Loosely Bound Cofactors - Coenzymes
Tightly Attached Cofactors- Prosthetic Groups
Oxidation Reduction
Redox Reactions
Oxidation Lose of Electrons
Reduction Gaining Electrons
Electron Donors
Electron Acceptors
Reduction Potential

Electron Transfer
Electron Tower Based on Reduction
Potential
Electron Carrier
Primary Electron Donor (Food??)
Final Electron Acceptor (Waste??)
Energy Conservation
High Energy Compounds (Energy
Carriers??)
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
Coenzyme A
Phosphoenolpyruvate - PEP

Energy Generation
Substrate-level
Phosphorylation
Fermentation
Respiration
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
(Cascade)
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Catabolic Pathways
Glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
3 Stages
1. Rearrangement
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction
PEP
Fermentation

Occurs in the absence of O
2

Less ATP produced
Many fermentation products
Substrate acts as electron
donor and acceptor

Electron Cascade
Coenzyme
NADH
NADH
Dehydrogenase
Flavoproteins
Quinones
Cytochromes
Catalase, Oxidase
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Proton Motive Force
Metabolic Poisons
Uncouplers
Dinitrophenol
Inhibitors
Carbon
monoxide
Cyanide
Carbon Flow
Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle
TCA Cycle
Tricarboxylic Acid
Cycle
Carbon Oxidation
CO
2
Production
Reduced Coenzymes
Anaerobic Respiration
Nitrate
Sulfate
Carbonate
Iron
Final Electron Acceptor other than
Oxygen

Chemolithotrophy
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen Gas
Iron
Ammonia

Phototrophy
Catabolism
Metabolism Word List
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Coupled Reactions
Nutrition
Phototroph
Chemotroph

Organotroph
Lithotroph
Chemolithotroph
Macronutrients
Carbon
Nitrogen
P, S, K, Mg, Ca,
Na, &
Fe( siderophores)


Micronutrients
Trace Elements
Growth Factors?
Culture Media
Defined vs.
Complex Media
Metabolism Word List 2
Enzymes
Organic
Catalysts
Activation
Energy
Enzyme-
substrate
Complex
Active Site

Prosthetic groups
Coenzymes
Oxidation-Reduction
Redox Reactions
Electron Donors
Electron Acceptors

Reduction
Potential
Electron Tower
Electron Carriers
Primary Electron
Donor
Final Electron
Acceptor
Metabolism Word List 3
High Energy
Compounds
Adenosine
Triphosphate -
ATP
Coenzyme A
Fermentation
Substrate-level
Phosphorylation
Respiration
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Electron Transport
Glycolysis
Embden-Meyerhof
Pathway
Stage I, II, III
Rearrangement
Oxidation
Reduction

Metabolism Word List 4
Aerobic
Respiration
Electron
Cascade
NADH
dehydrogenase
Flavoproteins
Quinones

Cytochromes
Catalase
Oxidase
Proton Motive
Force
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Inhibitors

Uncouplers
Carbon Flow -
Citric Acid Cycle
aka TCA,
Tricarboxylic,
Krebs
Carbon Oxidation
CO
2
Production
Metabolism Word List 5
Reduced Coenzymes
Biosynthesis ?
Anaerobic Respiration
nitrate, sulfate, carbonate
ferric iron

Chemolithotrophy
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
gas, ferrous iron, ammonia
Phototrophy
Catabolism

Microbial Growth
Binary Fission
Growth Rate
Generation Time
E. coli can double
every 20 minutes
Many Bacteria have
1-3 hr Generation
Times
Growth Curve
Lag Phase
Log Phase
(Exponential)
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
Cryptic Growth
Measuring Bacterial Growth

Total Cell Counts
Direct Microscopic
Counts
Petroff-Hauser
Counting Chambers
Viable Counts
Plate Counts
Spread Plate Sample Spread on Solid Agar Plates

Pour Plate
Dilute Sample Suspended into Melted Agar
Dilution
Extinction Dilution
MPN Most Probable Number
Turbidity Measurement
Spectrophotometer
Culture Type


Batch Culture
Continuous Culture
Chemostat
Controlling Growth

Temperature
Minimum
Optimal
Maximum
Temperature Ranges
Cold Temperatures
Psychrophile
Psychrotolerant
Freezing
Preserves Bacterial
Cultures
Other Factors
pH
Low pH Used to
Preserve Foods
Acidophiles
Alkaliphiles
Buffers Used in Many
Bacteriological Media
Water Availability
Drying Limits Bacterial
Growth
Halophiles
Osmophiles
Xerophiles

Oxygen

Aerobe
Anaerobes
Facultative
Microaerophile
Growth Word List
Bacterial Growth
Binary fission
Growth rate
Generation Time
Exponential
Growth
Batch Culture
Growth Curve
Lag Phase,
Exponential (log)
Phase, Stationary
Phase,
Death Phase,
Cryptic Growth

Measuring Growth
Total Cell Counts
Direct Microscopic
Counts
Petroff-Hausser
Counting
Chambers

Growth Word List 2
Viable Count
Plate Counts
Spread Plate
Pour Plate
Dilution
Extinction
Dilution
MPN Most
Probable Number
Turbidity
Measurements
Continuous Culture
Chemostat
Controlling Growth
Temperature
Minimum, Optimal,
Maximum
Psychrophile
(psychrotolerant)
Mesophile,
Thermophile

Growth Word List 3
Hyperthermophile
Freezing
pH
Acidophile
Alkaliphile
Buffers
Water Activity

Halophiles
Osmophiles
Xerophiles
Oxygen
Aerobes, Anaerobes
Facultative
Microaerophile

Microbial Growth Control

Growth Inhibition
Sterilization
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
Disinfectants
Heat

Sterilization
Decimal Reduction
Time
Spores
Sterilization
Autoclave
121 C,
15 lb
15 min
Higher
temperatures


Pasteurization

Flash Pasteurization
71 C, 15 seconds
63-66 C, 30 min
Cold Sterilization

Filter Sterilization
Depth Filters
Membrane
(Millipore) Filters
Nucleopore Filters
Radiation

Gamma radiation
UV light
Ethylene Oxide
Gas Sterilization
Packaged plastics
Antimicrobial Agents

Bactericidal
Fungicidal
Viricidal
Selective Toxicity
Measuring Activity

Minimum inhibitory
Concentration
Tube Dilution
Agar Diffusion
Antiseptic

Disinfectant

Chemotherapeutic
Agents
Paul Ehrlich

Chemist in Kochs
Lab
Staining
Magic Bullet
Agent 606
Salvarsan
Target Sites for Antibiotics
Growth Factor Analogs:
- Sulfanilamide
Folic Acid Synthesis
- Sulfa Drugs
Quinolones DNA
Gyrase
Worldwide Production of Antibiotics
Antibiotics
-Produced by
Microorganisms
-Narrow vs. Broad
Spectrum
Lactam Antibiotics

Lactam Ring
Penicillin
Semisynthetic
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
s
Protein Synthesis
Inhibitors
Gram Negative
Bacteria
Streptomycin TB
Kanamycin,
Gentamicin,
Neomycin
Other Antibiotics
Macrolides
Erythromycin



Tetracyclines
Antiviral Drugs
Interferon
Nucleos(t)ide
Analogs
Protease inhibitors
Poor Selective
Toxicity???

Fungal Control
Rhinovirus

Drug Resistance
Conjugative R Plasmids
Drug Misuse

Search For New Drugs
New Analogs
Designer Drugs
Growth Control Word List
Growth Inhibition
Sterilization
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
Disinfection
Heat Sterilization
Decimal
Reduction Time
Spores
Autoclave
121 C, 15 lb, 15
Minutes
Pasteurization
63-66 C for 30
Minutes
71 C for 15
Seconds
Radiation
Filter
Sterilization
Depth Filters
Membrane
(Millipore)
Filters
Nucleopore
Filter

Growth Control Word List 2
Antimicrobial Agent
Bactericidal, Fungicidal,
Viricidal
Selective Toxicity
Minimum Inhibitory
Conc.
Tube Dilution
Agar Diffusion Method


Antiseptic
Disinfectant
Chemotherapeutic
Agents
Paul Ehrlich Magic
Bullet
Agent 606 -
Salvarsan

Growth Factor
Analogs
Sulfa Drugs
Sulfanilamide
Folic Acid
Synthesis
Quinolones
Antibiotics
Broad-Spectrum
Antibiotic
Growth Control Word List 3
Lactam Ring
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Streptomycin,
Neomycin,
Kanamycin,
Gentamicin
Macrolides
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Antiviral Agents
Interferons
Nucleos(t)ide
analogs
Protease
Inhibitors
Fungal Control
Drug
Resistance
Conjugative R
Plasmids
Drug Misuse

Growth Control Word List 4
Search for New Drugs
New Analogs
Designer Drugs
Molecular Biology
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Linear
Chromosomes
Introns
Repeated Sequences
Monocistronic
mRNA-Polyproteins

Eukaryotes Exon Splicing
Prokaryotes
No Nucleus
Circular
Chromosome
No Introns
No Repeats?
Polycistronic mRNA
Prokaryotes Polycistronic mRNA
Gene A Gene B
Sequence A Sequence B
DNA
Polycistronic mRNA
Protein A
Protein B
DNA Structure
Double Helix
Complimentary Bases
Hydrogen Bonds
Double Stranded
Antiparallel
Bent DNA
Inverted Repeats
Stem-Loops
Hairpins
Sticky Ends
Melting DNA
DNA
Melting Temperature determined by the
number of GC pairs vs. A=T pairs

Higher G+C content of the DNA the higher
temperature needed to denature it




Hybridization involves melting DNA and then allowing DNA
strands to Renature (reforms base pairs)
DNA Hybridization
DNA in Cells is
Supercoiled and in
Eukaryotes covered with
Histones




Chromosome Painting
Topisomerase
breaks then reseals
DNA strands
Allows DNA
unwinding
Plasmids
Plasmid are nonessential
extrachromosomal
genetic elements
found mainly in
bacteria
Plasmid replicate
independently of the
host chromosome and
are often used in
Genetic Engineering
Transposable Elements
Transposable elements move within the
genome
Insertion Sequences- Small
Contain only genes to allow them to move
Transposons - Movable genes
Transposable Viruses
Restriction Endonuclease
Restriction Endonuclease Attack
Specific Palindrome Sequences
Modification Systems Change
Palindrome Regions to Protect Them

DNA Fingerprint
Because of Restriction Enzymes Specificity in
Cutting DNA, It Can be Used to Create Maps
Bacterial DNA Replication
Relies on Complementary Base Pairs



Semiconservative uses a
Template
DNA Replication
Several Different DNA Polymerases are used
All the DNA Polymerases Needs a Double Stranded
Primers to Initiate DNA Synthesis
DNA Replication
DNA Synthesis
Begins at Origin
Creates 2 Replication
Fork
Moves Bi-directional
to Create Theta
Structure
Initiation of DNA Synthesis
DNA Synthesis Begins at the Origin with
Unwinding of the DNA by Helicases
DNA Strands Held Apart by Single-
strand Binding Proteins


Primase (RNA Polymerase) Creates Double Strand
Template to Permit DNA Polymerase to Begin DNA
Synthesis

Later a Second DNA polymerase removes RNA piece
and Insert DNA piece

Ligase fills gap leaving double strand DNA
Discontinuous DNA
Replication
Because DNA Replication Is Bi-directional
and DNA Strands are Antiparallel:
The Leading Strand Of DNA Replicates in a
Continuous Manner
The Other Lagging Strands Replication is
Discontinuous and Produces Okazaki
Fragments.

Leading & Lagging Strands
Fragments Finally Glued Together by
Ligase
New DNA is Proofreads by Polymerases
Transcription
Transcription Produces RNA Copy of
DNA Sequence
RNA Polymerase Called Transcriptase
Types of RNA Produced:
mRNA Messenger RNA
tRNA Transfer RNA
rRNA Ribosomal RNA
Beginning Transcription
Promoter
Pribnow Box (-10)
Consensus Sequences (-10 & -35)


Sigma Factors Core Enzyme
RNA Polymerase
Termination of Transcription
Rho Protein Stem-loop
Nonbacterial Transcription
3 Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
Bacteria and Archaea have 1 RNA
Polymerase
But Archaea RNA Polymerase Most
Closely Resembles Eukaryotic
Polymerase
Operon
Operator + Structural Genes
Polycistronic mRNA
Bacterial Transcription
RNA Processing
Exons Introns
Spliceosome Have
Proteins
Ribozyme Self
Splicing Introns
Primary Transcript
Mature RNA
Genetic Code
Genetic Code Traits
Codon 3 Bases
Coding for Amino Acid
Anticodon Base Pairs
with Codon
Code is Degenerate
(more than one codon
per amino acid)
tRNA Wobbles on
Codon
Reading Frame

Stop Codons
Start Codon AUG
Set Reading Frame
Shine-Dalgarno
Region
Open Reading Frame
Translation

tRNA
Charging tRNA
Ribosomes
70S = 30S + 50S
S = Svedberg units
30S = 16SRNA + 21
Proteins
50S = 5SRNA + 23SRNA +
34 Proteins
Initiation of Translation
Translate mRNA
Sequence into Amino
Acid Sequence
Ribosome Attachment
Shine-Dalgarno
Region
Start Codon
n-Formylmethionine
Process of Translation

Acceptor Site
Peptide Site
Elongation
Termination of Translation
Polysomes
Termination
Stop codon
Ribosome
Release
Molecular
Chaperone
Translation: Alternatives
Signal Sequences
Posttranslational Modification
Antibiotics
Overlapping Genes
Universal Code

Molecular Biology
Eukaryotes vs DNA Structure Antiparallel Melting DNA
Prokaryotes Double Helix Major/Minor GC, A=T
Pairs
Nucleus ? Complimentary Grove Hybridization
Linear-Circular Bases Bent DNA Supercoiled
Chromosome Hydrogen Inverted Loops Histones
Intron? Bonds Stem-Loop Topoisomerase
Histones? Double Hairpins Genetic
Repeats Stranded Sticky Ends Elements
Molecular Biology 2
Plasmids Endonucleases DNA Primer?
Transposons Palindrome Replication Initiation of
Insertion Modification Complementary DNA Synthesis
Sequences Restriction Base Pairing Origin
Viruses Enzyme Semi- Replication
Restriction/ (Fragment) conservative Fork
Modification Map Template Bi-directional
Restriction DNA
Polymerases
Theta Structure
Helicases
Molecular Biology 3
Single-strand Ligase rRNA = Consensus
Binding Proteins Proofreading Ribosomal RNA Sequence
Primase = RNA RNA Termination
Polymerase Transcription Polymerase Rho Proteins
Leading Strand mRNA = Promoter Archaea?
Continuous Message RNA Sigma Factors Polycistronic
Discontinuous tRNA = Core Enzyme mRNA
Okazaki
Fragments
Transfer RNA Pribnow Box Operon
Molecular Biology 4
Operon Genetic Code Start codon = Acceptor Site
Operator Codon AUG Peptide Site
Anticodon Reading Frame Polysomes
RNA Processing Degeneracy Shine-Dalgarno Termination
Splicesome Wobble Region Stop Codon
Ribozyme Stop Codon n-formyl- Molecular
Exons Introns Nonsense methionine Chaperones
Codon Elongation Signal
Sequence
Molecular Biology 5
Postranslational
Modifications
Antibiotics
Overlapping
Genes
Universal Code
Gen Expression
Constitutive Enzymes
not Regulated
Most Enzymes Can
Have Their Activity
Regulated
Feedback Inhibition
Allosteric Sites
Isozymes
Covalent Modification
Regulation of Transcription
Operator
Operon

Enzyme Repression
Repressor
Corepressor
Induction
Inducer

Control
Negative Control
Positive Control
Activator Protein
Regulon
DNA Binding Proteins
Histones
Attenuation
Attenuator
Leader Sequence
Catabolite Repression
Global control
Diauxic growth
Catabolite
Repressor Protein
cAMP


Other Global Controls
Quorum Sensing
Alternative Sigma Factors
Proteases
Chaperonin
Two Component Regulation

Signal Transduction
Sensor Kinase
Response Regulator
Others
Chemotaxis
Antisense RNA
Triple DNA
Regulation of Gene Expression
Constitutive Isozymes Corepressor
Enzymes Covalent Operator
Regulation of Modification Operon
Enzyme Regulation of Repression
Activity Transcription Repressor
Feedback Enzyme Protein
Inhibition Induction Negative Control
Allosteric Site Inducer Operator
Gene Expression 2
Negative DNA Binding Catabolite
Control Proteins Repression
Positive Attenuation Catabolite
Control Leader Activator
Activator Sequence Protein
Protein Attenuator cAMP
Regulon Global Control Quorum
Histones Diauxic Growth Sensing
Gene Expression 3
Other Global Signal Antisense
Controls Transduction mRNA
Alternative 2-Component Triple DNA
Sigma Factors Regulation
Proteases Sensor Kinases
Chaperonin Response
Regulator
Chemotaxis
Microbial Genetics
Mutation
Genetic
Recombination
Microbial Models
Molecular Cloning
Biotechnology
Golden Rice
Mutants

Mutation
Wild Type
Genotype
Phenotype
Isolation of Mutants

Replica Plating
Auxotrophs
Nutritional Mutants
Prototroph
Wild Type

Penicillin Selection Method Kills Growing Cells
Mutations
Spontaneous
Mutations
Point Mutations
Base-Pair
Substitution
Silent,
Missense, or
Nonsense Mutations
Conditional Lethal Mutations
Temperature Sensitive Mutations
30 C 40 C
Incubation Temperature
Reading Frame
Frame Shift
Mutation
Back
Mutation
Suppressor
Mutation
Mutation

Prototroph Auxotroph

Back Mutation
Mutation Back Mutation Normal Protein
Other Mutations
Deletions Lose of a Piece of DNA
Insertions Additions of a Piece of DNA
Translocation Movement of a Piece of
DNA to a New Location in the Genome
Inversion
Orientation of a Piece of DNA is Reversed in
the Genome

Mutation Rate
Spontaneous (Natural or Background)
Mutation Rate
DNA ~ 1 per Million (varies between genes
and location)
RNA ~ 1 per Thousand
Mutagens Anything that Increases the
Mutation Rate
Mutagens
Chemicals
Base Analogs Chemically Resemble Base

Intercalating Agent
Inserts Between Base Pairs
Radiation
UV Light
Ionizing Radiation
DNA Repair
SOS Regulatory System
Biological Mutagens
Transposons Can Insert Into Gene
Site Directed Mutations Man-made
Ames Test
Mutagens Carcinogens
Ames Test Measures Back Mutation Rates
to Detect Carcinogens
Bacterial Gene Transfer
Genetic
Recombination
3 Types of Bacterial
Gene Exchange:
1. Transformation
Naked DNA
Competent

Transfection in Eukaryotes
Particle (Gene) Guns Insert DNA
2. Transduction
Generalized Transduction
Specialized Transduction
Lysogeny Can Lead to Phage Conversion
3. Conjugation

Plasmids
Copy Number
Incompatibility
Curing
Conjugative Plasmid
Plasmid Types
Resistance Plasmids
R Plasmids
Virulence Plasmids
Bacteriocins
Engineered Plasmids

Chromosomal Mobilization
Fertility (F) Plasmid
Episome
HFr Strain
Sex Pili
Gene Maps
Interrupted Matings
Transposition
Transposase
Conservative Transposition
Replicative Transposition

Phase Variation
Inversion

E. coli Chromosome
4,639,221 Base
Pairs
4,288 Open
Reading Frames
Horizontal Gene
Transfer
Pathogenicity
Islands
Genomics
Mycoplasma
genitalium Genome
470 Open Reading
Frame
Genomic Mining
Genetic Word List
Mutation
Genetic
Recombination
Microbial Models
Molecular Cloning
Biotechnology
Mutants

Genotype
Phenotypes
Wild-Type
Isolation Mutants
Replica plating
Auxotroph
Prototroph
Penicillin-Selection
Method
Spontaneous
Mutations
Point Mutation
Base-Pair
Substitution
Silent, Misssense,
Nonsense
Mutations
Genetic Word List 2
Temperature
Sensitive Mutation
Reading Frame
Frame Shift Mutation
Back Mutations
Suppressor Mutation


Deletions
Insertions
Translocation
Inversion
Mutation Rate
DNA ~10
-6
RNA
~10
-3

Mutagens
Chemicals
Base Analogs
Intercalating
Agents
Radiation
UV Light


Genetic Word List 3
Ionizing Radiation
DNA Repair
SOS Regulatory
System
Biological Mutagens
Transposons
Site Directed
Mutations
Carcinogensis
Ames Test
Genetic
Recombination
Bacterial Gene
Transfer
Transformation
Competent
Transfection
Electroporation
Particle gun

Genetic Word List 4
Transduction
Generalized
Transduction
Specialized
Transduction
Lysogeny
Phage
conversion
Conjugation
Plasmids
Copy Number
Incompatibility
Curing
Conjugative
Plasmids
Resistance Plasmids
R Plasmids
Virulence Plasmids
Bacteriocin
Engineered plasmids


Genetic Word List 5
Chromosomal
Mobilization
Sex Pili
Fertility (F)
Plasmids
Hfr Strains
Interrupted
Matings
Genetic Maps


Transposition
Transposase
Conservative
Replicative
Transposition
Phase Variation
Inversion
Escherichia coli
Chromosome
4,639,221 Base Pairs
4,288 Open Reading
Frames
Horizontal Gene
Transfer

Genetic Word List 6
Pathogenicity Islands
Genomics
Mycoplasma genitalium
Genome
470 Open Reading Frames
Genomic Mining

Viruses
Individual Viruses =
Virion
Bacterial Viruses =
Bacteriophage
Genome =
Double Strand or
Single Strand
DNA or RNA
Human Papillomavirus
Protein Coat
Capsid, Coat, Shell
Capsomer -
Individual Proteins
Self Assembly
Nucleocapsid
Viral Symmetry
Icosahedral


Helical
Icosahedral Subunits
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Enveloped Virus
Complex Virus
T 4 Bacteriophage
Enzymes in Viruses
Reverse
Transcriptase
Lysozyme
RNA Polymerase
Viral Host
Living Cells
Animal Host
Cell Culture
Tissue Culture
Monolayer
Cell Line
Primary Culture Line
Transformation
Viruses
Mutagen
Permanent Cell line
HELA

Quantification of Viruses
Plaque Assay
Bacteria
Efficiency of Plating
Animal Infectivity
Methods
End Point Dilution

Bacteriophage Plaques
Plaques in Tissue Culture Monolayer
Viral Replication

Attachment

Penetration
Early Step - Produce Early Proteins
Replication of Nucleic Acids
Production of Late Proteins
Assembly
Release
One-step Growth Curve
Latent Period
Some Host Cells Use Restriction Enzymes to
Destroy Viruses
Some Viruses Can Modify Their Genomes
Restriction Sites for Protection
+/- SS RNA Viruses
SS DNA Viruses
DS Intermediates
Reverse Transcriptase
Bacterial Viruses
Bacteriophage
Model Viruses
Genetic Engineering
+SS RNA Bacteriophage
MS2
Male Specific
Produces 4 Proteins
Maturation Protein,

Coat Protein
Lysis
RNA Polymerase
Overlapping Genes
SS DNA Bacteriophage
X 174
First Genome
Sequenced in 1977
Overlapping Genes
Replicative Form -
Double Stranded
DS DNA Bacteriophage
Lytic T Phages
T4, T7
Head, Tail, Spikes
Base Plate, Tail
Fibers, Contractile
Sheath
Hydroxymethyl-
cytosine
Lambda
Best Known Virus?
Can be Virulent or Temperate
Lysis or Lysogeny
Becomes Prophage (Provirus)
Gives Immunity to Host
Maintenance of Lysogeny
Lambda Repressor
CRO Protein
Induction
Transposable Phage
Insertion Elements
Transposon
Mu Phage
Mutator Phage
Animal Viruses
DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses
Eukaryotic Host
Types of Infections:
Lytic
Persistent
Latent
Hepatitis A
Herpes
Cancer Viruses
Transformation
Neoplasm
Benign

Malignant
Metastasis
Oncogene
+SS RNA Viruses
Rhinovirus
Foot-and-Mouth Virus
Polio Virus
Polyproteins
Viral Proteases
Polio
Virus
Calicivirus
-SS RNA Virus
Rhabdovirus
RNA Dependent-
RNA Polymerase
Influenza
Segmented Genome
Rabies Virus
Rhabdovirus
DS RNA Viruses
Reovirus group
Rotavirus

Rotavirus
DNA Viruses
Herpes viruses
Herpes simplex
Chickenpox Shingles
Epstein Barr
Infectious Mononucleosis
Burkitts Lymphoma

Papovavirus
SV 40
Human papillomavirus
Smallpox
Adenovirus
Retrovirus

RNA Genome
Reverse Transcriptase
DNA Copy Insert into Host Genome
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV
Viroids
Naked Circles
SS RNA
246-375 Nucleotides
Plant Diseases

Prions
Infectious Proteins?
Chaperone Protein
Kuru
Mad Cow Disease
Scrapies
Creutzfeldt-
Jakob Disease
Viruses Word List
Virion
Bacteriophage
28 200 nm (0.2 m)
Genome
SS/DS RNA/DNA
Capsid, Coat, Shell
Capsomer
Self-Assembly
Nucleocapsid
Viral Symmetry
Helical
Icosahedral
Enveloped
Viruses
Complex Viruses
Enzymes in Virion
Reverse
Transcriptase

Lysozymes
Viral Host
Living
Organisms
Cell (Tissue)
Culture
Monolayer
Primary
Culture Line
Viruses 2
Transformation
Permanent
Cell Line
Quantification
of Viruses
Plaque Assay
Efficiency of
Plating

Animal
Infectivity
Methods
End Point
Dilution
Viral
Reproduction
Attachment
Penetration


Early Steps
(Early
Proteins)
Replication of
Nucleic Acids
Synthesis of
Proteins (Late)
Assembly
Release
Viruses 3
One-step
Growth Curve
Latent Period
Restriction/
Modification
Restriction
Enzymes
Modification
+/- SS RNA
Viruses


SS DNA
Viruses
DS
Intermediates
Reverse
Transcriptase

BACTERIAL
VIRUSES
Model Viruses


Genetic
Engineering
RNA
Bacteriophage
+SS RNA
Viruses
MS2
Male Specific
Phage

Viruses 4
4 Proteins4
Proteins
Maturation,
Coat, Lysis
& RNA
Replicase
Overlapping
Genes

SS DNA
Icosahedral
Phage
X 174
DS DNA Phage
Lytic
T7, T4
Head, Tail,
Base Plate,
Spikes, Tail
Fibers,
Contractile
Sheath
Hydoxymethylc
ytosine
Temperate
Bacteriophage
Lambda

Viruses 5
Virulent
Temperate
Lysogeny
Prophage
Provirus
Immunity
Lambda
Repressor
Cro protein

Transposable
Phage
Insertion
Elements
Transposon
Mu Phage
Mutator
Animal
Viruses
Eukaryotic
Hosts
Lytic Infections
Persistent
Infections
Latent
Infections

Viruses 6
Cancer
Transformation
Neoplasm
Benign
Malignant
Metastasis
Oncogene

+SS RNA
Viruses
Rhinovirus
Foot-and-
Mouth Virus
Poliovirus
Polyprotein
Viral Protease
-SS RNA Virus
Rhabdovirus

RNA Dep.
RNA
Polymerase
Influenza
Segmented
Genome
DS RNA Virus
Reovirus
Rotavirus


Viruses 7
DNA Virus
Papovavirus
SV 40
Herpesviruses
Herpes
simplex,
Chickenpox,
Shingles,
Epstein-Barr,


Burkitts
Lymphoma
Pox Virus
Smallpox
Adenovirus
Retrovirus
Reverse
Transcriptase
Acquired
Immuno
deficiency
Syndrome
AIDS

Viroids
SS RNA
Circles

Viruses 8
Prions
Mad Cow Disease
Kuru
Scrapies
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Disease
Host-Parasite Relationship


Normal Flora
Pathogens
Infections

Skin Flora


Staphylococcus
Propionibacterium
Body Odor
Oral Cavity Flora

Plaque
Anaerobes
Streptococcus spp
Dental Caries
Streptococcus
mutans
Intestinal Tract
Stomach pH
Helicobacter pylori

Small Intestine
Enterococci,
Lactobacilli
Large intestine
10
10
-10
11
cells/gm
Bacteroides
Enterobacteria

Escherichia coli
Enterococcus
Respiratory Tract
Staphylococcus
aureus
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
S. pyogenes
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Carrier
Urogenital Tract
Opportunistic Pathogens
Virulence
Invasiveness
Toxicity
Adherence

Specific Adherence
Capsule
Slime Layer
Glycocalyx
Fimbriae
Pili
Invasiveness
Colonization Factor
Antigen
Invasion
Colonization
Iron- Siderophore
Bacteremia vs.
Septicemia
Enzymes & Toxins
Coagulase
Collagenase
Exotoxins
Cytolytic Toxins
Hemolysins, Leukocidins
Diphtheria Toxin
Botulism Toxin
Tetanus Toxin
Tetanus
Enterotoxin
Cholera toxin

Endotoxin
Pyrogen
LD
50
Virulence Factors
Attenuated Strains
Other Toxins
Pyrogen free Products
Virulence Factors
Nonspecific Host Defense
Natural Resistance
Age
Stress
Diet
Anatomical
Defenses
Skin, Stomach,
Tears
Compromised Host
Inflammation
Fever
Host-Parasite Word List
Normal Flora
Pathogens
Infection
Skin Flora
Staphylococcus,
Propionibacterium
Oral Cavity Flora
Plaque
Streptococcus
spp
Dental Caries
Streptococcus
mutans
Intestinal Tract

Stomach pH2
Helicobacter pylori
Small Intestine
Enterococci,
Lactobacilli
Large Intestine
10
10
- 10
11
cells/gram
Host-Parasite Word List 2
10
10
- 10
11
cells/gram
Bacteroides,
Enterobacteria,
Escherichia coli,
Enterococcus
Respiratory Tract
Staphylococcus
aureus,
Streptococcus
pneumoniae,
S. pyogenes,
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Carrier
Urogenital Tract
Opportunistic
Pathogens
Virulence
Invasiveness,
Toxicity
Specific Adherence

Host-Parasite Word List 3
Capsule,
Glycocalyx,
Slime Layer
Fimbriae, Pili
Colonization
Factor
Antigen

Invasion
Colonization
Iron
Siderophore
Bacteremia
Septicemia
Enzymes & Toxins
Coagulase,
Collagenase
Exotoxins
Cytolytic Toxins
Hemolysins,
Leukocidins

Host-Parasite Word List 4
Diphtheria Toxin
Botulism Toxin
Tetanus Toxin
Enterotoxin
Cholera Toxin

Endotoxin
LD
50

Attenuated
Nonspecific
Host Defenses
Natural
Resistance

Natural Resistance
Age, Stress, Diet
Anatomical
Defenses
Skin, Stomach,
Tears
Host-Parasite Word List 5
Compromised Host
Inflammation
Fever

Immunology

Immunity
Specificity
Memory
Tolerance

Antibodies

Antigen
Antibodies
Immunoglobulin
Humoral Immunity
Immunization
Cell-mediated immunity


T Cells
Cytokines
Blood Components
Erythrocytes
Lymph
Leukocytes
Macrophage
Lymphocytes
Antigens

T Cell Receptors
Haptens
Antigenic
Determinants
Epitopes
Nonspecific Immunity
Phagocytes

Specific Immunity
B Lymphocytes
Antiserum
Immunoglobulin

Gamma Globulin
IgG
Heavy Chains
Light Chains
Antigen Binding

Constant Region
Variable Region
Gene Rearrangement
2 Antigen Binding
Sites per IgG
Immunoglobulins
IgG - Smallest, Most
Common,
Transplacental
IgA - Secretory
IgM - Largest
IgD
IgE - Allergies
IgA
IgM
T Cells

T Lymphocytes
T Cell Receptors
Major
Histocompatibility
Complex
Cytokines

Cytotoxic T Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Clonal Selection
Immune Tolerance
1
st
, 2
nd
Response

Complement System 11
Proteins
Monoclonal Antibody

Polyclonal Antibodies
Hybridoma
Myeloma
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Neutralization
Precipitation
Agglutination
Immune Diseases
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune Diseases
Delayed-Type
Hypersensitivity
Contact Dermatitis
Anaphylactic Shock
Tuberculin Test - Positive Result

Immunization
Active - Passive
Immunity
Natural Artificial
Immunity
Vaccine
Toxoid
Attenuated Strain
Passive Immunity
New Vaccines
Polyvalent
Genetically
Engineered Vaccines
Subunit Vaccines
DNA Vaccine

Immunology Word List
Immunity
Specificity
Memory
Tolerance
Antigen
Antibody
Immunoglobulins
Humoral Immunity
Immunization
Cell-mediated
Immunity
T Cells
Cytokines
Blood
Erythrocytes,
Lymph
Leukocytes
Macrophage
Lymphocytes
Antigens
T Cell Receptors
Haptens
Antigenic
Determinants
Epitopes
Nonspecific
Immunity
Phagocytes
Specific Immunity
Immunology Word List 2
B Lymphocytes
Immunoglobulins
Antiserum
IgG, Gamma Globulin
Heavy, Light Chains
Constant, Variable
Regions
Gene Rearrangement
2 Antigen Binding Sites
Smallest,
Transplacental
IgA, Secretory
IgM, IgD,
IgE Allergies
T Lymphocytes
T Cell Receptors
Major
Histocompatibility
Complex
Cytokines
Cytotoxic T Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Clonal Selection
Immune Tolerance
1
st
, 2
nd
Reponses
Complement System

Immunology Word List 3
Monoclonal
Antibodies
Hybridoma
Myeloma
Antigen-Antibody
Reactions
Neutralization
Precipitation
Agglutination

Immune Disease
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune
Diseases
Delayed-Type
Hypersensitivity
Contact
Dermatitis
Natural Passive
Immunity
Natural Artificial
Immunity
Immunization
Vaccine
Toxoid
Attenuated Strain
Passive Immunity
Genetically Engineered
Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Incidence
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic

Carriers
Mortality
Morbidity
Disease Reservoirs
Acute Carriers
Incubation Period
Chronic Carriers
Transmission
Host-to-Host
Vector
Fomites
Food and Water
Common-Source
Epidemic
John Snow
Stopped Cholera Epidemic in London (1855) by
Removing Broad Street Pump Handle
Herd Immunity
Nosocomial Infections
Public Health
Control Reservoir
Prevent
Transmission
Immunization
Quarantine
Surveillance
Pathogen
Eradication
Global Health
Travel
Developing
Countries
Reemerging
Diseases
Emerging Diseases


Epidemiology Word List
Prevalence
Incidence
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic
Carrier
Mortality
Morbidity
Disease Reservoirs
Acute Carrier
Incubation Period
Chronic Carrier
Typhoid Mary
Transmission
Host-to-Host
Vector

Fomites
Food and Water
Common-Source
Epidemic
John Snow - Cholera
Herd immunity
Nosocomial Infections
Public Health

Epidemiology Word List 2
Control Reservoir
Prevent Transmission
Immunization
Quarantine
Surveillance
Pathogen Eradication


Global Health
Travel
Developing Countries
Reemerging
Diseases
Emerging Disease
Person-to-Person Microbial
Diseases
Airborne
Transmission
Respiratory
Infections
Streptococcus
pyogenes
S. pneumoniae
Strept Throat
Other Strept Infections
Hemolytic Strept.
Otitis media
Impetigo
Scarlet Fever
Rheumatic Fever
Pneumonia
Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase Positive
Boils
Impetigo
Toxic Shock
Syndrome

Diphtheria
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Metachromatic
Granules
Pseudomembrane

Whooping Cough
Bordetella pertussis
DPT Vaccine
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Primary
Tuberculin Test
Postprimary
Tubercules
Other Mycobacterium spp
M. bovis
Hansens Disease
M. leprae
Leprosy
Viral Respiratory Pathogens
Common Cold
Rhinovirus
Influenza
Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase

Antigenic Shifts
Polyvalent Vaccines
Other Viruses
Red Measles
Rubeola
Mumps
German Measles
Rubella
MMR Vaccine
Chickenpox
Varicella
Shingles
Vaccine
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Gonorrhea
Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Congenital Syphilis
Chancre
Secondary Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis

Other STDs
Chlamydia
trachomatis
Lymphogranuloma
venereum
Herpes simplex I & II

AIDS
Acquired
Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
HIV
Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus
CD4

Reverse
Transcriptase
Protease
Inhibitor

Progression of HIV
P to P Diseases Word List
Airborne
Transmission
Respiratory Infections
Streptococcus
pyogenes
S. pneumoniae
Strept Throat
Hemolysis
Otitis media

Impetigo
Scarlet Fever
Rheumatic
Fever
Pneumonia
Staphylococcus
aureus
Coagulase
positive
Boils
Impetigo
Toxic Shock
Syndrome
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Metachromatic
Granules
P to P Diseases Word List 2
Pseudomembrane
Whooping Cough
Bordetella pertussis
DPT Vaccine
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Primary
Tuberculin Test
Postprimary
Tubercles
M. bovis
Hansens
Disease
M. leprae
Leprosy
Viral Respiratory
Pathogens
Common Cold
Rhinovirus
Influenza
Hemagglutinin
Neuraminidase
P to P Diseases Word List 3
Antigenic Shift
Polyvalent Vaccine
Measles (Red)
Rubeola
Mumps
MMR Vaccine
German Measles
Rubella
Chickenpox
Varicella
Shingles
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
Gonorrhea

Neisseria
gonorrheae
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
Congenital Syphilis
Chancre
Secondary Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
P to P Diseases Word List 4
Chlamydia trachomatis
Lymphogranuloma
venereum
Herpes simplex I & II


Acquired
Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
CD4
Reverse Transcriptase
Protease Inhibitors
Transmitted Microbial Diseases
Zoonoses
Rabies
Hantavirus
Four Corners
Disease
Typhus
Rickettsia
prowazekii
Other Rickettsial Diseases
Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever
R. rickettsii
Ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia
Q Fever
Coxiella burnetii
Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Deer Ticks
Plague
Bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis
Pnuemonic plague
Rat
Fleas
Endemic (Sylvatic)
Plague
Common Source Diseases
Water Quality
Coliform Counts
Extinction Dilution
Most Probable
Numbers MPN
Fecal Coliform
Membrane Filter
Sewage Treatment

Primary Treatment
Settling Tank
Sludge
Septic Tank
Secondary Treatments
Activated Sludge
Trickling Filters
Other Treatments

Biodisc
Sludge Digesters
Methane
Tertiary treatment
BOD


Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
Water Quality
Measure?
Water Treatment
Sedimentation Basin
Alum
Coagulation
Sand Filter
Chlorination
Ozonization
Waterborne Diseases
Legionnaires
Disease
Philadelphia 1976
Legionella
pneumophilia
Erythromycin
Complex Nutritional
requirements
Deadly Waterborne Diseases
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella typhi


Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Protozoan Diseases
Giardia lamblia

Cryptosporidium
parvum

Entamoeba
histolytica
Amoebic Dysentery
Food Microbiology
Spoilage
Preservation
Acidity
Canning
Chemical
Preservation
Food Poisoning
Intoxication
Staphylococcus
aureus
Enterotoxin
Clostridium
perfringens
Clostridium
botulinum
Food Poisonings -Infections
Salmonella spp.

Escherichia coli
O157:H7

Listeria
monocytogenes
Psychotolerant
Peptic Ulcers
Helicobacter
pylori




Hepatitis A
Transmitted Diseases Word List
Zoonoses
Rabies
Hantavirus
Four Corners
Disease
Typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Rocky Mountain
spotted Fever
Rickettsia
rickettsii
Ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichia
Q Fever
Coxiella burnetii
Lyme Disease
Borrelia
burgdorferi
Bubonic
Plague
Yersinia
pestis
Pneumonic
Plague
Transmitted Diseases Word List
2
Common Source
Diseases
Water Quality
Coliform Counts
Extinction Dilution
Most Probable
Number
Fecal Coliform
Membrane Filter

Waterborne
Diseases
Legionnaires
Disease
Legionella
pneumophilia
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella typhi
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae

Protozoan
Disease
Giardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium
parvum
Entamoeba
histolytica
Amoebic
Dysentery
Transmitted Diseases Word List
3
Food Microbiology
Spoilage
Preservation
Acidity
Canning
Chemical
Preservatives

Food poisoning
Intoxications
Staphylococcus
aureus
Enterotoxin
Clostridium
perfringens
Clostridium
botulinum
Infections
Salmonella spp
Escherichia coli
O157:H7
Listeria
monocytogenes
Peptic Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Hepatitis A

Genetic Engineering


Biotechnology
Molecular Cloning
Recombinant DNA
HISTORY
Herb Boyer
EcoR1
Stanley Cohen
Competent Cells
Plasmids
Stanley
Falkow
Asilomar Conference 1975
Voluntary Band of Some Recombinant
Research
NIH-RAC formed as a result
Isolate Gene
Fragmented Total
DNA

Use mRNA and
Make DNA with
Reverse
Transcriptase
Splice into Cloning Vehicle
Plasmids
Viruses
Use Restriction
Endonuclease to
create
Sticking Ends
Rejoin Molecule with
Ligase
Inserting into Host

Transformation
Detection of
Successful Clone
DNA Library
Shotgun Cloning
Cloning Vector
Plasmid Cloning
Vectors
Single Cleavage
Site
High copy Numbers
Insertion Inactivation
Virus Vectors

Lambda Phage
Vector
Stable Packaging
Cosmids
Other Vectors
Expression Vectors
Secretion Vectors
Shuttle Vectors
Bacteriophage M13
DNA Sequencing
Yeast Artificial
Chromosome
Human Genome Project
Hosts

Cloning Vector
Hosts
E. coli
Endotoxins
Yeast
Detection of Clones


Antibodies
Nucleic Acid Probes
Synthetic DNA
Production of Recombinant
Protein
Transcription of
Cloned Gene
Promoter

Translation of
Cloned Gene
Ribosome Binding
Site
Polymerase Chain Reaction

Kary Mullins
PCR
DNA Amplification
TAQ Enzyme
Primer
PCR
Site Directed
Mutagenesis
Knockout
Mutation
Applications of Genetic
Engineering

Human Insulin

Interferon

Hepatitis Vaccine
Vaccines
Subunit Vaccines
Hepatitis Vaccine
Recombinant Vaccines
Polyvalent Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
Edible Vaccines
Other Products
Tissue Plasminogen
Activator
Rennin
Ti Plasmid
Bacillus
thuringiensis BT
Roundup Resistant
Favosavr Tomato
More Possibilities
Ice Minus Bacteria
PCB Degrading
Bacteria
Luminescent Reporter
Gene
Transgenic Animal
Human Gene Therapy
DNA Chips - Microarrays
Actual DNA Chip
Genetic Eng. Word List
Biotechnology
Molecular Cloning
Recombinant DNA
Isolate Gene
mRNA,
Reverse
Transcriptase
Splice into Cloning
Vehicle -
Plasmids, Viruses
Restriction
Endonucleases
Sticky Ends
Ligase
Insert into Host
Detect Successful
Clone
DNA Library
Shotgun Cloning
Plasmid Cloning
Vectors
Single Cleavage
Sites


Genetic Eng. Word List 2
High Copy
numbers
Insertion
Inactivation
Lambda Phage
Vector
Stable
Packaging
Cosmids
Other Vectors
Expression Vectors
Secretion Vectors
Shuttle Vectors
Bacteriophage M
13
DNA Sequencing
Yeast Artificial
Chromosomes
Human Genome
Project
Cloning Vector
Hosts
E. coli
Yeast
Detection of
Clones
Antibody

Genetic Eng. Word List 3
Nucleic Acid Probes
Transcription of
Cloned Gene
Promoter
Translation of
Cloned Gene
Ribosome Binding
Site
Synthetic DNA
Probes

Polymerase chain
Reaction
PCR
DNA Amplification
TAQ Enzyme
Primers
Site Directed
Mutagenesis
Knockout Mutations

Applications of
Genetic
Engineering
Human Insulin
Interferon
Hepatitis Vaccine
Recombinant
Vaccine
Subunit Vaccines

Genetic Eng. Word List 4
Polyvalent Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
Tissue Plasminogen
Activator
Rennin
Ti Plasmid
Bacillus thuringiensis
Roundup Resistance
Favosavr Tomato
Ice Minus Bacteria
PCB Degrading
Bacteria
Luminescent
Reporter Gene
Transgenic Animals

Edible Vaccines
Human Gene
Therapy
DNA Chips
Microarrays
Industrial Microbiology
Cells
Bioconversion
Cells products
Fungi (Yeasts)
Streptomyces
Primary Metabolites
Secondary
Metabolites

Fermentors

Aerobic
Sparger
Cooling
Impellor
Scale-up
Antibiotics
Antibiotic Production
Search for New
Antibiotics
Screening
Protein Engineering
Natural,
Biosynthetic,
Semisynthetic
Penicillins

Other Products
Vitamins
Amino Acids
Biotransformation
Enzymes
Proteases, Amylase
Immobilized
Enzymes
More Products
Vinegar
Citric Acid
Mushrooms
Alcohol Fermentation
Wine
Must
SO
2
Pomace
Aging
Racking
Beer Production
Beer
Grain
Malt
Mashing
Wort
Hops

Dairy Products
Cheese
Primary
fermentation
Renin
Soft - Hard cheese
Ripened Cheese
Yogurt
Other Fermented Products
Meats
Sausages
Vegetables
Sauerkraut
Pickles
Soy Sauce
Olives

Sewage Treatment

Primary Treatment
Settling Tank
Sludge
Septic Tank
Secondary Treatments
Activated Sludge
Trickling Filters
Other Treatments

Biodisc
Sludge Digesters
Methane
Tertiary treatment
BOD


Biochemical Oxygen
Demand
Water Quality
Measure?
Water Treatment
Sedimentation Basin
Alum
Coagulation
Sand Filter
Chlorination
Ozonization
Industrial Micro Word List
Cells
Bioconversion
Cell Products
Fungi (Yeast)
Streptomyces
Primary,
Secondary
Metabolites
Fermentors
Aerobic
Sparger
Cooling
Impeller
Scale-up
Antibiotic
Production
Search for New
Antibiotics
Screening
Protein Engineering
Natural, Biosynthetic,
Semisynthetic Penicillin
Vitamins
Amino Acids
Biotranformation

Industrial Micro Word List 2
Enzymes
Proteases, Amylase
Immobilized
Enzymes
Vinegar Production
Citric Acid
Yeast Cells
Alcohol
Fermentation
Wine
Must, SO
2
,
Pomace, Aging,
Racking
Beer
Malt, Mashing, Wort,
Hops
Distilled Alcohol
Mushrooms

Sewage and Water
Treatment
Primary Treatment
Septic Tank
Sludge
Secondary
Treatment
Activated Sludge
Industrial Micro Word List 3
Trickling Filters
Biodiscs
Sludge Digestors
Tertiary Treatment
Trickling Filters
Biodiscs
Sludge Digestors
Tertiary Treatment
Sedimentation
Basins
Alum, Coagulation
Sand Filters
Chlorination
Ozonization