Piping

Material
Specification
An Overview Of
Piping Material Specification (henceforth written
as PMS) covers the minimum Design & Material
Requirements for piping materials used in the
design, fabrication and construction of process
and utility piping for a given project.
It is the basis of the complete execution cycle of
overall piping system, consisting of pipes,
fittings, flanges, valves, fasteners, gaskets,
special items etc.

At the core of PMS, there are all the applicable Codes and
Standards, which provide detailed guidelines for the design and
fabrication of piping system. Many other project specific reference
specifications and standard drawings are also used to define PMS.

Some of the commonly used international and domestic design
codes are:

ASME B31.1: Power Piping
ASME B31.3: Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping
ASME B31.8: Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
IBR: Indian Boiler Regulations
OISD Standards: Various Oil Industry Safety Directorate
Standards
Other related statutory or regulatory norms, as applicable


Some of the commonly used piping standards are:

ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME B16.9 Factor-made Wrought Steel Butt-welding Fittings
ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded
ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
ASME B16.34 Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding End
ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
API 5L Specification for Line Pipe
BS 1868 Steel Check Valves
BS 1873 Steel Globe and Globe Stop-check Valves
BS EN 593 Butterfly Valves
ASTM Material Specifications
ISO 10434 Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves (API 600)
ISO 17292 Metal Ball Valves for Petroleum, Petrochemical and allied industries.
MSS SP-75 Specification for high-test wrought butt-welding fittings.
NACE MR0103 Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking
Apart from various international codes and standards, many project specific
reference specifications and standard drawings are used in a PMS. Some of these
are mentioned below:
General Requirements for Piping Fabrication and Erection.
General Requirements for Chemical Cleaning of Piping Systems
Piping Design Basis.
Steam Tracing.
Jacketed Piping Systems.
Underground Piping - Design.
Coating and Wrapping of Underground Piping.
General Requirements for Bolting.
General Requirements for Valves
General Requirements for Pipe, Fittings and Flanges
Piping Design Standard Drawings
Pressure Testing, Flushing & Reinstatement of Piping Systems
Positive Material Identification (PMI) of Alloys.
Welding of Pressure Piping
NDE & PWHT requirements for Metallic Piping Weldments
Design Basis:
Formulation of design basis for the preparation of PMS is one of the most
important initial steps for PMS. These are basic guidelines and
limitations/restrictions which govern the entire PMS for a project.

Some of such typical guidelines are mentioned below:

Design limits of pipe classes are in general based on the flange ratings
according ASME B16.5, with the exception that higher rated (usually class
1500 and above) piping classes may be designed for actual design
conditions.
For piping classes with soft seated ball valves, the design limits are
generally adapted to correspond to the seat ratings.
Unless otherwise specified, piping component wall thicknesses,
specified in the piping classes, are based only on design considerations of
pressure, temperature and allowances for corrosion and minus tolerance.

. Continued
Design Basis (continued):

Piping component wall thicknesses do not include additional thickness
required to compensate for design considerations such as thermal
loads due to restraints, live loads, hydraulic shock or load and sources
from other causes, all of which must be considered in the design of
piping systems.
Design of Refinery Piping is, generally, based on ASME B31.3
Design of Boiler External Piping (BEP) is, generally, done in
accordance with ASME B31.1 (Power Piping) and the requirements of
the local Indian Boilers Regulation for Indian projects
Piping classes intended for vacuum service or steam service and some
piping classes specially assigned for vacuum design condition, are
verified for vacuum design condition.
All other applicable codes and standards to meet statutory and/or
regulatory guidelines
Pressure Temperature ratings for class 150 Gr 1.1 (ASME B16.5)
Minimum specified seat ratings for soft seated ball valves (BS EN 17292)
Piping Material Specification (PMS) includes following
main parts:

PMS General Requirements (Design Basis)
Service Class Index, consisting of an index and
summary of all the pipe classes
Piping Material Classes

Out of these Piping Material Classes are the most
exhaustive document, and often taken as synonymous
with PMS. Next slides will discuss piping classes in
more detail.

Piping Class
A piping class consists of a collection of
standardized piping components which are
compatible and are suitable for a defined
service at stated pressure and temperature
limits.
All the components applied in piping classes
are covered by a purchase description.
PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF PIPING CLASSES

The purpose and benefits of piping classes are
summarized as follows:
Large reduction in piping system engineering and
procurement effort
Group-wide standardization of piping material and
piping systems design
Variety control, leading to reduced costs of stocking
material
Integrity control in relation to applied standards
Increased leverage for centralized purchasing
Reduced risk of wrong material selection
CONTENTS OF PIPING CLASSES
Front Page:
Summary block giving class details and revision
status
Mechanical design limits, indicating the pressure
ratings at coincident temperatures
Notes, giving additional design background and
application guidelines/restrictions
Service Fluids permitted in the class
Basic material grade, Valve trims, Corrosion
Allowance, Pressure Class, PWHT requirements,
Minimum Design Temperature etc.
Pipe Wall Thickness Calculation (ASME B31.3):
Piping Components
Typical J oints Used for inter connecting piping
components

Bell And Spigot J oint
Butt Welded J oint Socket Welded J oint
Threaded J oint Flanged J oint
Piping Components
Concept of Schedule for Pipe and Piping
Components.

Schedule denotes the required Wall thickness for Pipes. This is
calculated for given pressure and coincident temperature as per
applicable code, for example ASME B31.3.
Fitting and Flanges match the pipe wall thickness at the welding
ends.
OD of a pipe of a given size is constant, hence, only the ID will
vary as the pipe thickness varies. Refer Table-I for Standard
Schedule.


Piping Components
Pipe
Elbows
Tees (Equal and Red.)
Lateral (Equal and Red.)
End Caps
Reducers
Stub end
Couplings
Flanges
Olet fittings
Nipple

Plugs
Swage nipples
Spectacle blinds and
spacers
Studs
Gaskets
Valves
Piping Specials
List Of Piping Components

Piping Components
Pipes
Closed annular circular cross sectional conduit used to convey fluid
is known as pipe.
Up to and including size 12 inch the outside diameter is less than the
size designator.
Outside diameter of NPS 14 and larger pipe is the same as the size
designator in inches




Piping Components
Fittings Nipples
Basically these are straight pipe lengths cut in fixed lengths as specified
By purchaser (75mm, 100mm, 200mm Long) with different end connections
End Connections are:-
Plain Both Ends (PBE)
Both Threaded Ends (BTE)
One end Plain other end
Threaded (POExTOE)

Piping Components
Fittings - 90 Deg Elbow
Enables the pipe run to be turned through a Right Angle Radius of
1.5 times nominal pipe size.


Butt Welded Socket Welded Threaded
Piping Components
Fittings - 45 Deg Elbow
Enables the pipe run to be turned through 45 Deg, Radius of 1.5
times nominal pipe size.


Butt Welded Socket Welded Threaded
Piping Components
Fittings - Caps
Used to blank off at the END of Pipe Work.


Butt Welded Socket Welded Threaded
Piping Components
Fittings Concentric Reducer and Swage Nipple
Used to Connect Pipes with two different diameters. No change in
line Elevation.


Butt Welded
Reducer
Swage Nipple Threaded Swage
Nipple
Piping Components
Fittings Eccentric Reducer and Swage Nipple
Used to Connect Pipes with two different diameters. Has one side
straight allowing the pipe run to stay flat changing the elevation and
is preferred for some specific cases.


Butt Welded
Reducer
Swage Nipple Threaded Swage
Nipple
Piping Components
Fittings Stub End
Stub Ends are welded to Pipe with a CS backing Flange. Mainly used
for Cost Reduction.
Stub End
Piping Components
Fittings Full Coupling
It is used to connect two components which have plain or threaded
end connection. It is used as an inline fitting.
Socket welded
Threaded
Piping Components
Branch Fittings - Equal TEE
Allows connection of a branch at Right Angles from Main Pipe
Header. Branch size has same dimensions as Main Pipe Header.


Butt Welded Socket Welded Threaded
Piping Components
Branch Fittings - Reducing TEE
Allows connection of a branch at Right Angles from Main Pipe
Header. Branch size has same dimensions as Main Pipe Header.


Butt Welded Socket Welded Threaded
Piping Components
Branch Fittings Half Coupling
Allows to take a reducing branch connection from a Main Pipe
Header. The Connection of a branch is at Right Angles from Main
Pipe Header


Socket Welded Threaded
Piping Components
Branch Fittings Olets
Allows to take a self reinforced reducing branch connection from a
Main Header.

Various types of Olets available are listed below:-

SOCKOLET
WELDOLET
ENDDOLET
ELBOLET
THREADOLET
LATROLET
NIPPOLET
Piping Components
Branch Fittings Sockolet
Allows to take a self reinforced reducing branch
connection from a Main Header, the branch connection
will be of Socket welded type
Piping Components
Branch Fittings Weldolet
Allows to take a self reinforced reducing branch
connection from a Main Header, the branch connection
will be of Butt welded type
Piping Components
Branch Fittings Elbolet
Allows to take a self reinforced reducing branch
connection from a Elbow of Main Header, the branch connection
Can be Butt or Socket welded Or Threaded type.
Socket Welded Threaded Butt Welded
Piping Components
Branch Fittings Threadolet
Allows to take a self reinforced reducing branch
connection from a Main Header, the branch connection
will be of Threaded type
Piping Components
Branch Fittings Latrolet
Allows to take a self reinforced reducing branch
connection from a Main Header at a 45 deg angle, the branch connection
Can be Butt or Socket welded Or Threaded type.
Socket Welded Threaded Butt Welded
Piping Components
Flange
Flange J oints are used where joints need to be detached frequently
due to maintenance or any other means. Flange joints are to be used
always in pairs and are hold together by Bolts with proper Gaskets
installed between the two flange facing. Various types of flange are
being used in engineering.
Types of Flange used in Piping:-
Weld neck Flanges
Socket Weld Flanges
Lap J oint Flanges
Ring J oint Flanges
Tongue and Groove J oint Flanges
Slip-On Flanges
Threaded Flanges
Blind Flanges
Piping Components
Flanges Weld Neck
Weld neck Flanges are drilled (machined) with the wall
thickness of the flange having the same dimensions of
the matching pipe. The lighter the pipe is, the larger the
bore, conversely, the heavier the pipe, the smaller the
bore. They are normally used for high-pressure, cold or
hot temperature. The Welding End of the flange is
joined to the piping by Butt welding.
Piping Components
Flanges Slip-On
A Slip-on Flange is bored slightly larger than the outer Diameter of
the matching pipe. The pipe slips into the flange prior to welding,
Welding is done from both inside and outside to prevent leaks.
Piping Components
Flanges Socket Weld
This flange is similar to slip-on flange, except the bore and a
counter bore. The counter bore is slightly larger than the Outer
Diameter of the matching pipe, allowing the pipe to be inserted. A
restriction is built into the bottom of the bore, which acts as a
shoulder for the pipe to rest on, and has the same ID of matching
pipe. The flow is not restricted in any direction. The Welding End
of the flange is joined to the piping by Socket welding.
Piping Components
Flanges Lap J oint
Lap J oint Flanges are similar to slip-on flanges, the difference is it
has a curved radius at the bore and face to accommodate a lap
joint stub end. The lap joint flange and stub end assembly are
normally used for cost reduction.
Piping Components
Flanges Threaded
This flange is similar to Socket weld flange, except the bore is
threaded (Female threaded). Component joining this flange should
have a male thread for installation.
Piping Components
Flanges Blind
This is used to Close the End of a Flanged Piping or Nozzle
Piping Components
Flange Ring Type
This type of flanges will have a groove on both the matching
surface in which a ring gasket will be used for sealing. These
Flanges are normally used in High Pressure systems.
Piping Components
Flanges Orifice
This is similar to the Weld Neck Flange with additional tapings on
the Flange thickness. These tapings are used for Instrument
connections. The number of taps (2 at 180 deg apart OR 4 at 90
deg apart) needs to be specified by purchaser depending on the
process requirement.
Piping Components
Spectacle Blind
This is also know as FIG 8. These are used for Positive Isolation.
For Larger size depending on pressure Rating the spectacle
blinds are made in to two different components SPACER and
BLIND.
FIG 8
BLIND
SPACER
Valves:
Type Purpose
Gate On / Off
Globe Throttle / Regulation
Check Restrict flow in one
direction
Butterfly On / Off / Regulation
Ball On / Off
Standard Gate Valve Part List: API
600
Piping Specials
These are used to accomplish specialized functions in piping systems:
Item Purpose
Strainers to control solid particle size in the media
Steam Traps to remove condensate from steam lines
Air Traps to remove moisture from air lines
Flame Arrestors to prevent propagation of fire into equipments
Sight Glasses to provide visibility to flow
Vent Silencers to reduce noise level
Hoses to provide flexible connections in piping system
Sample Coolers to facilitate sample collection
Valve Interlocks to ensure operating sequence of valve systems

Flame Arrestor Sight Glass Sample Cooler
Thermodynamic Ball Bimetallic Inverted Bucket
some of the common types of steam traps