WATER

TREATMENT
N.K.Govindan
Associate Professor
Department of Chemistry
KMMGWC
WATER RESOURCES

TOTAL WATER : 1.41 b km3


SEA WATER : 97 %

FRESH WATER
ICE & GLAZIER : 2 %
UTILIZABLE : 1 %
SOURCES OF WATER

SURFACE WATER : STREAMS, RIVERS,
LAKES, PONDS, RESERVOIRS

UNDERGROUND WATER : WELLS AND SPRINGS

RAIN WATER

SEA WATER
SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER
a)Textile Industry Soft, free from organic matter, salts of
Fe& Mn, color and turbidity
b)Laundries Soft, free from organic matter, salts of
Fe& Mn,color and turbidity

c)Boilers Soft water
d)Paper Free from SiO2, turbidity, salts of Fe,
Mn, hardness
e)Beverages Should not be alkaline
f )Sugar Industry Soft water
g)Cooking Soft water
h)Diaries and Pharmaceutical
Industries
Ultrapure water

Colloidal impurities
Dissolved impurities
Suspended impurities
Microorganisms

IMPURITIES IN WATER
SOURCES OF IMPURITIES
Gases picked up by rain water
Decomposition of plants and animal
remains
Impurities from soil and rocks
Impurities from sewage and industrial
waste
CHARACTERISTICS IMPARTED BY
IMPURITIES
1.colour : caused by salt of Fe& Mn, humus
materials,
Tanin,peat,industrial
2.Turbidity :Colloidal particles such as clay,
silt,
microorganisms
3.Taste :Dissolved minerals
4.Odour :sewage or industrial effluents
HARDNESS OF WATER
Hard water : water which does not produce lather
with soap solution readily
2C
17
H
35
COONa + 2CaCl
2
(C
17
H
35
COO)2Ca +2NaCl
2C
17
H
35
COONa+ 2MgSO
4
(C
17
H
35
COO)
2
Mg +Na
2
SO
4
HARDNESS
TEMPORARY
(CARBONATE HARDNESS)
PERMANENT
(NON CARBONATE HARDNESS)
.Caused by dissolved Bicarbonates
of Ca and Mg or other heavy metals


.Can be removed by boiling
Ca(HCO3)2 ==> CaCO3 + H2O +
CO2
.Caused by Chlorides & sulphates of
Ca, Mg,Fe and other heavy
metals


.Not destroyed by boiling

DISADVANTAGE OF HARD WATER
A. IN DOMESTIC USE
Washing :Formation of sticky Precipitate waste of soap
Bathing : -----do-------
Cooking :Waste of fuel and time
Unpleasant taste
Pulses,beans , peas do not cook soft in hard water
Deposits salts on the inner walls of utensils

Drinking :Form Calcium oxalate crystals in urinary
tracks


B. IN INDUSTRIAL USE
Textile : Excess use of soap
Precipitates of Ca & Mg adhere On fabrics
Do not produce exact color or dying
Fe, Mn produce colored spots
Sugar :Crystallization of sugar not easy, produce deliquescent sugar
Dying :dissolved salts react with dyes forming precipitates
Paper :Ca & Mg salts react chemical used in paper affecting its color
and appearance
Laundries :Wastage of soap
Concrete making :Affect the strength
Pharmaceutical :Produce undesirable products
Boilers :scale & sludge formation ,boiler corrosion, priming ,
foaming etc.


SOFTENING
Process of removing hardness producing salts from water
THREE METHODS
.Lime soda process
. Zeolite / Permutit Process
.Ion exchange process
LIME SODA PROCESS
Soluble Ca and Mg salts are converted into insoluble
compounds by adding calculated amounts of
lime(Ca(OH)
2
) and soda(Na
2
CO
3
)

.calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
) and Magnesium
hydroxide(Mg(OH
2
)) so precipitated are filtered off
Lime soda process- two types
COLD L-S PROCESS HOT L-S PROCESS
Treated at room
temperature
Temperature 80
0
-150
0

c
Precipitate not settled
easily and hence
filtration also not easy
Reaction faster ,
precipitate settle
down rapidly and can
be filtered easily
Residual hardness
50-60 ppm
Residual hardness
15-30 ppm
ADVANTAGES OF L-S PROCESS
ECONOMICAL
PROCESS INCREASE pH OF WATER THER BY
REDUCING CORROSION
QUANTITY OF MINERALS IN WATER ARE
REDUCED
Fe AND Mn are also removed
TREATED WATER IS ALKALINE. THERFORE
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN WATER REDUCED
DISADVANTAGES OF L-S PROCESS
RQUIRE SKILLED SUPERVISION
DISPOSAL OF LARGE AMOUNT OF SLUDGE IS A
PROBLEM
HARDNESS REMOVED ONLY UPTO 15ppm
Zeolite/Permutit Process

Zeolite :Hydrated sodium alumino silicates
Na
2
O.Al
2
O
3
.xSiO
2
.yH
2
O
Where x=2-10 , y=2-6
Capable of exchanging sodium ions for hardness
producing ions in water.
LIMITATIONS OF ZEOLITE PROCESS
TURBID WATER CANNOT BE TREATED
WATER CONTAINING Fe AND MnFORM STABLE
COMPOUNDS FROM WHICH ZEOLITE CANNOT
BE REGENERATED
MINERAL ACIDS IF PRESENT IN WATER DESTROY
ZEOLITES.
ADVANTAGES OF ZEOLITE PROCESS
REMOVES HARDNES ALMOST COMPLETELY
(UPTO 10ppm)
EQUIPMENT IS COMPACT, OCCUPYING SMALL
SPACE
SLUDGE IS NOT FORMED
REQUIRE LESS TIME
REQUIRE LESS SKILL FOR MAINTENANCE AND
OPERATION.
TWO TYPES OF ZEOLITE
NATURAL SYNTHETIC
NON POROUS
Eg:-
Na
2
O.Al
2
O
3
.4SiO
2
.2H
2
O
POROUS
Reactions taking place during softening

Na
2
Ze + Ca(HCO3) CaZe + 2 NaHCO3
(zeolite)
Na
2
Ze + MgCl
2
Mg Ze + 2NaCl

REGENERATION
Zeolite get converted into Calcium and Magnesium
zeolites and gets exhausted
It is then regenerated by treating with 10%
Brine(NaCl) solution
CaZe + 2NaCl CaCl
2
+Na
2
Ze
ION EXCHANGE or DEMINERALIZATION PROCESS
ION EXCHANGE ARE INSOLUBLE,CROSS LINKED
,LONG CHAIN ORGANIC POLYMERS WITH
MICROPOROUS STRUCTURES AND THE
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ATTACHED TO THE
CHAINS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ION
EXCHANGING PROPERTIES.
ION EXCHANGE RESINS

(i) CATION EXCHANGE RESINS(RH
+
)
(ii) ANION EXCHANGE RESINS(ROH
-
)
PROCESS
WATER PASSED THROUGH CATION EXCHANGE
RESINS , WHICH REMOVE ALL THE CATION LIKE
Ca
++
,Mg
++
ETC. FROM IT AND AN EQUIVALLENT
AMOUNT OF H+ IONS ARE RELEASED FROM THE
RESIN
2RH
+
+ Ca
++
R
2
Ca
2+
+ 2H
+
HARD WATER IS THEN PASSED THROUGH ANION
EXCHANGE RESIN.
ROH + Cl
-
RCl + OH-
2ROH + SO
--
4
R
2
SO
4
+ 2
-
OH
H
+
& OH
-
RELEASED BY RESIN
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
REGENERATION
HCl/H
2
SO
4
PASSED THROUGH CATION
EXCHANGE RESINS
R
2
Ca
++
+ 2H
+
Ca
++
+ 2RH
+
NaOH PASSED THROUGH ANION EXCHANGE
RESIN
2
-
OH + R
2
SO
4

--
2ROH
-
+ SO
4
--
ADVANTAGES
ACIDIC OR ALKALINE WATER CAN ALSO BE
SOFTENED
PRODUCE WATER OF VERY LOW
HARDNESS(2ppm)
DISADVANTAGES
HIGH COST
TURBIDITY REDUCES THE EFFICIENCY
REMOVAL OF MICROORGANISMS
(DISINFECTION)
BOILING
BLEACHING POWDER
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+Cl
2
Cl
2
+ H
2
OHCl+ HOCl (hypochlorous acid)
HOCL+germsgerms killed
CHLORINATION
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION
ADDING SUFFICIENT CHLORINE TO OXIDISE
i.REDUCING COMPONENTS
ii.OXIDISABLE ORGANIC COMPONENTS
AND LITTLE FREE RESIDUAL CHLORINE REMAINS.
DISINFECTION BY OZONE
O
3
O
2
+ (O)
NACENT OXYGEN KILL BACTERIA
DESALINATION OF BRAKISH WATER
Brackish water : Water containing dissolved salts
with a peculiar salty (or Brackish) taste

Desalination : Removal of common salt from water
Commonly used methods
1. Electroialysis
Electric current passed through water using electrodes
and thin rigid plastic membrane.
Sodium ions move towards ve electrode and Chloride
ions to +ve electrode
Ion selective electrodes
OSMOSIS
OSMOSIS : Flow of solvent molecules from solvent to solution (or
from less concentrated to more concentrated solution) when the two
are separated by a semi permeable membrane
OSMOTIC PRESSURE: The extra pressure developed at the solution
side due to solvent flow
REVERSE OSMOSIS
When pressure greater than osmotic pressure is
applied at the solution side reverse of osmosis, ie, flow
of solvent molecules from solution to solvent occur
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER
DISSOLVED OXYGEN(DO)

Quantity of oxygen dissolved in water
Highly essential for aquatic life
Poor DO indicate pollution
BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(BOD)

Amount of free oxygen (in ppm) required for the
biological oxidation of organic matter under aerobic
conditions at 20
0
C and for a period of 5 days.


Higher BOD indicate greater concentration of organic
matter
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(COD)

Amount of free oxygen required for the chemical
oxidation of oxidisable impurities (including
biologically oxidisable and biologically inert organic
matter)
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Objectives:-
To render sewage inoffensive.
To reduce or eliminate danger to the public health.
To prevent the destruction of fish and other aquatic
life.
METHOD OF TREATMENT

Basic Features:
To reduce the solid contents.
To remove all nuisance causing elements.
To change the character of sewage so that it can safely
be discharged into natural water coarse such as river or
applied on land.
1.PRELIMINARY PROCESS


Passing sewage through Bar screens or Mesh screens
(To remove coarse solids, gravels, silt etc)
2.SOTTLING PROCESS
SEDIMENTATION
OR
SEDIMENTATION WITH COAGULATION
Coagulants:
Alum, Ferrous sulphate etc( removes suspended
solids)

3.BIOLOGICAL(SECONDARY)
TREATMENT
Aerobic chemical oxidation or aeration. Sewage
filtered through sprinkling filters
C CO2
N Ammonia Nitrates
TRICKLING FILTER
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
Mixing the sedimented sewage with proper quantities
of activated sludge and air.
Activated sludge: Sludge from previous process which
contain numerous bacteria
TERTIARY TREATMENT

Objectives:- To decrease the load of N and P
compounds.
1.Precipitation: By Treatment with calcium oxide.
Calcium phosphate get precipitated.
2.NITROGEN STRIPPING

Filtered water sprayed down from a metal tower. Air
forced upward through the tower. Ammonia get
removed.
3.CHLORINATION
Treated with chlorine to kill micro organisms


Treated water finally discharged into rivers or used for
agricultural purposes.