TARGET

SPECIFICATION LIMITS
The engineering requirements for judging the acceptability
of a characteristic as defined by the CUSTOMER
The `SPEC is made up of two parts
the AIM or TARGET and the TOLERANCE.
PROCESS LIMITS
Process limits are calculated from the process
data and help us determine spread ( statistically )
of the process
Smallest expected
measurement
PROCESS
AVERAGE
LOWER
SPEC
LIMIT
UPPER
SPEC
LIMIT
PROCESS
LOCATION
PROCESS & SPECIFICATION
LIMITS
Largest expected
measurement
Statistical Process Control 2
Process Capability and
Performance
Statistical Process Control 3
DEFINITION: PROCESS CAPABILITY
A Process Capability Index is a number which expresses
the ability of a process to meet specifications
- Potential Capability Index (C
p
)
- Actual Capability Index (C
pk)
A Process Performance Index is a number which expresses
how a process is currently performing versus the specifications
- Potential Performance Index (P
p
)
- Actual Performance Index (P
pK
)
A Process Capability and Performance Analysis will
determine whether a process is capable of meeting
specifications and whether or not it is actually meeting
specifications.

Performance and Capability Analysis
Statistical Process Control 4
CONTROL CHART CAUTIONS
Control Charts only tell whether a process
characteristic is consistent and predictable over
time.
They do not tell if the process is meeting
specification

Performance and Capability Analysis
Statistical Process Control 5
TERMS
NT Natural Tolerance
USL Upper Specification Limit

LSL Lower Specification Limit
ET Engineering Tolerance
C
p
Potential Capability Index
C
pk
Actual Capability Index
P
p
Potential Performance Index
P
pK
Actual Performance Index
o'

Estimate of process standard deviation
of the individual values

s Mathematical formula for Standard
Deviation.

Performance and Capability Analysis
Statistical Process Control 6
LSL USL
LSL USL
LSL USL
LSL USL
Capable and
Meeting
Specifications
Capable and not
Meeting
Specifications
Not Capable
Not Capable
Performance and Capability Analysis
Statistical Process Control 7
CALCULATION OF CAPABILITY
Potential Capability Index ( C
p
)


where:
ET = Engineering tolerance NT = Natural tolerance
= USL - LSL =

NT
ET
C
p
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
d
R
6 6o
Interpretation:
If C
p
= 1 Process is capable
If C
p
> 1 Process is more than capable
If C
p
< 1 Process is not capable l
Performance and Capability Analysis
Statistical Process Control 8
CALCULATION OF CAPABILITY
Actual Capability Index ( C
pk
)
C
pk
= The smaller of the two values (C
pu
, C
pl
)








If C
pk
< 1, there are units outside the specification limits; this includes
negative values of C
pk

If C
pk
< C
p
, the process average is not centered in the specification
limits; the maximum C
pk
is C
p

min =
pk
C
pkU
C
X USL
=

o 3
pkL
C
LSL X
=

o 3
Performance and Capability Analysis
Statistical Process Control 9
INTERPRETATION OF CAPABILITY
LSL
USL
C
p
= C
pk
LSL USL
C
p
> C
pk
LSL USL
C
pk
< 0
Performance and Capability Analysis
WORKSHEET FOR PROCESS
CAPABILITY ANALYSIS
d? Distribute Normally ts Measuremen Individual Are
Limit ion Specificat Upper USL
Limit ion Specificat Lower LSL
Chart - X or X From X

Chart MR or R From
'
'
=
=
=
= o
)
Natural
Tolerance
Actual
Capability
'
6o = NT
LSL USL ET =
NT
ET
C
p
=
'
'
3

* *
o
LSL X
lower C
pk

=
= NT
Engineering
Tolerance
= ET
Potential
Capability
=
p
C
'
'
3

* *
o
X USL
upper C
pk

=
= lower C
pk
= upper C
pk
** C
pk
= smaller of upper and
lower C
pk
C
pk
=
* Do not use unless the respective chart shows consistency
** If negative, the process is not performing to specification.
Statistical Process Control 11
PERCENT OUT-OF-SPEC
Quality
Level Cpk
Defects per
1,000 units
Defects per 1
million units
1 sigma 0.33 317 317,310
2 sigma 0.66 45 45,500
3 sigma 1.00 2.7 2,700
3.5 sigma 1.25 0.465 465
4 sigma 1.33 0.063 63
4.5 sigma 1.50 0.0068 6.8
5 sigma 1.66 0.00057 0.57
6 sigma 2.00 0.000002 0.002
Performance and Capability Analysis
Statistical Process Control 12
PROCESS PERFORMANCE
MEASURES
Process capability measures only describe the
performance of a process if it is maintained in
statistical control. If a process is not consistent,
then C
p
and C
pk
will not adequately reflect process
output.
Performance and Capability Analysis