SEMINAR TOPIC

PAPER
BATTERY
INTRODUCTION
A Battery convert chemical energy into the electrical
energy.
The invention of the first battery in 1800 by
Alessandro volta.
Batteries have become a common power source for
many household and many industrial application.
















Symbolic
view
conventional
battery
(Electrons flow from the negative terminal
towards the positive terminal )
.




Batteries Based on three types

Based on the rechargeable nature :-
1.Non rechargeable or primary cells
2.rechargeable or secondary cells
Based on the size :-
1.Miniature batteries
2.Industrial batteries
Based on nature of electrolyte:-
1.Dry cell
2.Wet cell
Principle of operation of cell
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy
directly to electrical energy.
It consists of a number of voltaic cells.
Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected
in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions
and cations.



TYPES OF BATTERIES
Batteries are classified into two broad categories:-

1. Primary battery
2. Secondary battery

PRIMARY BATTERY
This can produce current immediately on assembly
Disposable batteries are to be used once and discarded
These are most commonly used in portable devices
The used in:-
1. Alarm
2. Communication circuit
This primary battery not re charged
Common types of disposable batteries
1. Zince carbon batteries
2. Alakine batteries
Primary cell
SECONDARY BATTERY
These batteries must be charged before use
secondary cells can be recharged by applying electric
current
which reverses the chemical reactions that occur
during its use.
Secondary cell
Recent developments
Recent developments include batteries with embedded
functionality such as USBCELL
the battery to be charged by plugging into a USB port
without a charger
This battery produced by a company called Moixa
Energy

USB cell
Life of battery
disposable (or "primary") batteries can lose 8 to 20
percent of their original charge.
A temperature of about 2030C. This is known as
the "self-discharge" rate.
High or low temperatures may reduce battery
performance.
This will affect the initial voltage of the battery.
For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is
approximately normally around 1.6 volts.
Life cycle
Hazards related to batteries
1) Explosion :-A battery explosion is caused by the
misuse or malfunction of a battery or short circuiting a
battery.
2) Corrosion :-Many battery chemicals are corrosive,
poisonous, or both the chemicals released may be
dangerous.
3) Environmental pollution :-
The widespread use of batteries has created many
environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution.
Used batteries also contribute to electronic waste.
Americans purchase nearly three billion batteries annually
Electronic waste

4. Ingestion :- Small button/disk batteries can be
swallowed by young children.
PAPER BATTERY
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage
and production device formed by combining carbon
nano tube with a conventional sheet of cellulose-
based paper.
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise
shaped for different applications without any loss of
integrity or efficiency.
the device are able to produce 2.5 volts of electricity
from a sample the size of a postage stamp.
In paper batteries can between -75 and 150 degrees
Celsius.
CARBON NANOTUBES
FABRICATION OF PAPER
BATTERY
The materials required for the preparation of paper
battery are
a. Copier paper
b. Carbon nano ink
c. Oven

The steps involved in the preparation of the paper
battery are as follows :-

Step 1: The copier paper is taken.
Step 2: carbon Nano ink which is black in color is taken.
Carbon nano ink is a solution of nano rods, surface adhesive
agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on
one side of the paper.
Step 3: the paper is kept inside the oven at 150C
temperature. This evaporates the water content on the paper.
The paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.
Step 4: place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and
we can see voltage drop is generated.
Fabrication process
WORKING OF PAPER
BATTERY
The battery produces electricity in the same way as
the conventional lithium-ion batteries
The devices are formed by combining cellulose with
an infusion of aligned carbon nano tubes.
The carbon gives the batteries their black color .
working of a paper battery
LIMITATIONS
Carbon nano tubes are very expensive, and batteries
with large enough power are unlikely to be cost
effective.

Cutting of trees leading to destroying of the nature.
APPLICATIONS

Pace makers in heart (uses blood
as electrolyte)

Used as alternate to conventional
batteries in gadgets

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Smart toys, children
sound books

E-cards, greetings, talking
posters