Auxetic Materials &

Structure
By Prof. Raul Fangueiro
Introduction of Auxetic

Poissons Ratio (v): -

Generally, materials possess positive Poissons ratios, i.e.
stretching epecte! to ma"e a material thinner an! compressing
results in #ulge.
$uetic materials #ehave %ust reverse i.e. #ecome &i!er &hen
stretche! an! narro&er &hen compresse!, that is, they possess
negative Poissons ratio.

Continues

$ccor!ing to classic theory

Poissons ratio for () isotropic materials are from -*.+ to +.,.
Poissons ratio for -) isotropic materials are from -* to *.
.aturally foun! auetic materials are
/ron pyrites
Pyrolytic graphite
Roc" &ith micro-crac"s
$rsenic
0a!mium
0ancellous #one
0o& teat s"in
0at s"in
/ron pyrite
Pyrolytic
graphite
0a!mium
$rsenic
plate
0ancellous
#one
$uetic 1aterial (vi!eo)
Auxetic materials across the length scale
2he auetic materials an! structures (man-ma!e an! natural)
have sho&n in length scales.

Figure sho&s that metals,

ceramics, polymers, an!
composites no& eist in auetic
form an! it span all the ma%or
classes of materials.

$uetic materials have

enormous potential in many
practical an! technologically
important applications.
Types of auxetic materials
$uetic 0ellular soli!s

$uetic polymers
$uetic composites
1olecular auetic materials
AUXETIC CEUA! S"I#S
Auxetic cellular solids

2he cellular soli!s structures are responsi#le for the auetic

properties an! the ma%or categories of the cellular soli!s are,
*. Re-entrant structures
-. 0hiral 3tructures
(. Rotating 4nits
*. Re-entrant structures (-))

1acroscopic auetic cellular structures in the form of -) re-entrant

honeycom# &ere 5rstly suggeste! #y Researchers at*67-.

2he honeycom# is forme! &ith -) re-entrant heagons.

/t can #e !eforme! #y hinging of the !iagonal ri#s in response to an

applie! uniaial loa!.
0ontinue8
9ther Re-entrant structures
3tar honeycom# structure
)ou#le arro&hea!
structure

2hese structures !ue to ri# :eure an!;or hinging un!er uniaial

loa!ing, &ill lea! to auetic #ehavior.
0ontinue8
9ther re-entrant structures forme! from lo<enge an! s=uare gri!s
#y eliminating some si!e lines in each gri! are sho&n in 5gures.
2he auetic e>ects (for a#ove structures) are o#taine! !ue to
rotation an! etension of each si!e in the unit cells.
2he analysis sho&e! that the structure from s=uare gri!s ehi#its
higher auetic property than structure from lo<enge gri!s un!er
the same strain.
3tructure from lo<enge
gri!s
3tructure from s=uare
gri!s
0ontinue8

$nother re-entrant structure &hich ehi#its auetic

property is structure forme! from sinusoi!al ligaments.

/ts auetic e>ects comes from opening up of re-entrant

cells (refer unit in the 5gure) into almost rectangular cells.
2he structure ma!e from this sinusoi!al ligaments &as
use! in !rug !i>usion applications.
$uetic structure from sinusoi!al
ligaments
$% !e&entrant structures '#
0onventional () 0ell
$uetic re-entrant ()
0ell

2his auetic cell &as pro!uce! #y

transformation of the conventional cell structure
into a re-entrant cell structure in &hich the ri#s
protru!e in&ar!ly.

?hen the vertically protru!ing ri#s are un!er

tension, the ri#s in the lateral !irections &ill
ten! to move out, lea!ing to lateral epansion.

?hen compression is applie!, the ri#s &ill #en!

in&ar! further, thus resulting in lateral
contraction in response to aial compression.
(% Chiral structures
0hiral structures are another "in! of
structures &hich have #een !evelope! for
auetic honeycom#s.
/n this (5gure (a)), #asic chiral units
(highlighte! in #ol!) are 5rstly forme! #y
connecting straight ligaments (ri#s) to
central no!es &hich may #e circles or
rectangle.
2he &hole chiral structures are then forme!
#y %oining together the chiral units.
2he auetic e>ects are achieve! through
&rapping or un&rapping of the ligaments
aroun! the no!es in response to an applie!
force.
2he Poissons ratio of the chiral structure in
5gure (a) un!er in-plane !eformations is
aroun! -*.
(a) 0hiral honeycom#
forme! &ith the same
chiral units
Continue

2he structure in 5gure (#) is forme! #y

connecting the symmetrical #loc"s &here
the no!e in each chiral #uil!ing #loc" is a
rectangle.
2hough there is an in5nite amount of
ligaments attache! to each no!e to form a
#uil!ing #loc".
/t is evi!ent that the auetic e>ects !epen!
on the shape of no!e an! the length of
attache! ligaments.
(#) 0hiral honeycom#
forme! &ith symmetrical
chiral units
'% !otating units
2his "in! of structures has #een !evelope!
to pro!uce auetic #ehavior in foams.
2he auetic e>ects come from the rotation
of the triangles, rectangles, s=uares, an!
tetrahe!ron &hen loa!e!.
Rotating 2riangle units
Rotating rectangle units
Rotating 3=uare units
Rotating 2etrahe!ron units
Auxetic foams
$uetic polyurethane (P4) foams &ith a
Poissons ratio of -+.@ &ere 5rst manufacture!
#y scientists using a re-entrant cell structures
(5gure a).

2he auetic foams coul! #e pro!uce! from

conventional foams through a process involving
volumetric compression, heating #eyon! the
polymers softening temperature an! then
cooling &hilst remaining un!er compression.
Besi!es P4 foams, polyethylene foams &ere
transforme! into re-entrant microstructures
through the thermo-mechanical processing to
o#tain $ueticity.
Apan!e! polystyrene #loc"s &ere also foun! to
ehi#it $ueticity.
(a) Re-entrant cell
0onventional P4 foam
$uetic P4 foam
AUXETIC )"*ME!S
Types of auxetic polymers

2he follo&ing are the types of auetic polymers,

1icroporous polymer cylin!ers

1icroporous polymer 5#ers

1olecular level polymers

Microporous polymer cylinders
2he auetic e>ect &as 5rst o#serve! in
microporous polymer material in *676.

$n epan!e! form of polytetra:uoroethylene

(P2FA) &as foun! to ehi#it a highly anisotropic
negative Poissons ratio as lo& as v B -*-.

2his is !ue to comple microstructure &hich

consists of no!ules interconnecte! #y 5#rils
an! is sho&n in the 5gure.
For !ominant !eformation mechanism for
auetic #ehavior is no!ule translation through
hinging of the 5#rils.
.o!ule-5#ril
microstructure of
auetic P2FA
Continue
2his auetic can #e pro!uce! in polymers other
than P2FA is through #atch process consisting
of three !istinct stages of compaction,
sintering, an! etrusion.
2he a#ove process utili<e! to pro!uce auetic
microporous samples of ultra high molecular
&eight PA, PP an! nylon.
2he role of the compaction stage is to impart
structural integrity to the etru!ate.
2hese materials possess t&o interesting
features C the in!entation resistance an! the
a#sorption of ultrasoun!.
3tructurally soun! auetic polymers posses up
to four times higher in!entation resistance than
conventional materials.
Dery high 5#rillar forms of the auetic polymers
a#sor#ing the ultrasoun! signal that it &as
un!etecta#le.
.o!ule-5#ril mo!el of typical
auetic microporous polymer (a)
the polymer at rest (#) the
polymer at the tensile loa!
(a)
(#)
Microporous )olymer +i,ers
2he auetic polymer 5#ers &ere fa#ricate! using a
partial melt spinning techni=ue.
By utili<ing these route PP, Polyester an! .ylon 5#er
have #een pro!uce!.

2hese 5#ers mainly use! in me!ical 5el! as Esmart

#an!ageF.

2he same processing route can #e a!opte! to pro!uce

auetic PP 5lms, &hich have in-plane Poissons ratios
approaching -*.
$uetic 5lms are potentially important as mem#rane
materials an! self-healing 5lms.
Molecular&le-el )olymers
2he most promising route to a successful molecular
level polymer is in the form of a propose! li=ui!
crystalline polymer (G0P).
2he G0P consists of rigi! ro! molecules connecte!
#y :ei#le spacer groups along the chain lengths.
2he :ei#le spacer group attach to the en!s of
some of the rigi! ro!s (terminally attache!), an! to
the si!es of the other rigi! ro!s (laterally
attache!).
/n the unstresse! state, all the rigi! ro!s are
propose! to #e oriente! along the chain !irections.
2he propose! mechanism for auetic #ehavior is
then rotation of the laterally attache! ro!s upon
stretching of the G0P, causing an increase in the
inter-chain separation.
2heoretical G0P in (a) un-
!eforme! an! (#) !eforme! state
!ue to hori<ontal stretching
Molecular&le-el )olymers
Aamples of molecular-level polymers
1olecular structures (a) 3elf-epan!ing polytriangles---yne net&or" (#) (*,H)-refeyne &ith a
negative Poissons ratio (c) )ou#le-arro&-li"e molecules
(#)
(c)
AUXETIC C"M)"SITES
Introduction and )reparation of auxetic composite
$uetic composite materials can #e pro!uce! either from
conventional components via specially !esigne! internal
structural con5gurations or from auetic reinforcement.
$uetic composite laminates #y conventional metho!:
2he route is to use angle-ply techni=ue &hich gives
speci5c stac"ing se=uences to pro!uce auetic e>ects.
2his metho! coul! give negative in-plane or out-of
plane Poissons ratio.
2o pro!uce this composite, in!ivi!ual ply must #e
highly anisotropic.
Best is car#on;epoy material.
Car,on auxetic composite ,y angle ply
method
Sta.ing se/uence
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)ost test o,ser-ation of =exural indentation
test
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Auxetic composite reinforced >ith auxetic components

2he auetic composite is prepare! from reinforcing auetic

components of )ou#le Jelical Karn ()JK).

)JK is pro!uce! from high mo!ulus car#on 5#er &ith lo&

mo!ulus nylon 5#er.
/n tension, the sti>er car#on 5#er &ill #e straight an! lo&
sti> nylon &ill #e aroun! the car#on 5#er. 2his system
itself has auetic e>ect.
Figure C (a) at <ero strain an! (#) at larger
strain
0ontinue8
2he auetic composite is pro!uce! #y using )JK &ith
Polyester resin. 2he )JK place! uni!irectional in the
composite.
2he auetic composite resulte! maimum PR of -I.7 an!
&ith sti>ness value of (.- GPa.
Figure C $uetic composite at
test
Auxetic composite reinforced >ith auxetic components
$uetic composite is prepare! #y using
auetic PP 5#er &ith epoy.

3ingle 5#er pull out test &ere carrie!

out using auetic PP 5#er em#e!!e! in
a softene! epoy resin an! the self-
loc"ing phenomenon &as clearly
!emonstrate!.
0ompare! to the positive Poissons ratio
5#ers, the auetic 5#er loc"ing
mechanism has sho&n that it is to
ena#le the composite to carry more
than t&ice the maimum loa!.
3ingle-5#er pull-out
force-!isplacement !ata
for auetic an! non-
auetic PP 5#er
em#e!!e! in epoy
resin.
Fi#er pull-out in
composite
)!")E!TIES "+ AUXETIC
MATE!IAS
2he .egative Poissons ratio of auetic materials ehi#it a series
of fascinating properties compare! &ith conventional materials,

/ncrease! shear mo!ulus

Jigher in!entation resistance

Jigher fracture toughness

Goo! energy a#sorption

Porosity;permea#ility variation &ith strain

3ynclastic curvature
Shear properties
$uetic e>ect can play in tailoring the mechanical properties of a
structure to give enhance! performance.
/n elastic theory, the material elastic #ehavior epresse! #y four
constants: the Koungs mo!ulus (A), the 3hear mo!ulus (G), the #ul"
mo!ulus (L) an! the Poissons ratio (v).
For isotropic materials these constants are !epen!ent. 2hey are
relate! #y the follo&ing e=uations: G B A;(-(*Mv)) an! L B A;(((*--v).
1ost structural materials are re=uire! to have a higher G than L. /f &e
can change the microstructure of material in a &ay that A remains
constant #ut v changes, this alter the values of L an! G.
A.g. ?hen !ecreasing v to -*, a very high shear mo!ulus relative to
the #ul" mo!ulus can #e o#taine!. /n other &or!s, the material
#ecomes !iNcult to shear #ut easy to !eform volumetrically.
Indentation ,eha-ior
Jar!ness can #e increase! in an auetic material !ue to
negative Poissons ratio.
?hen an o#%ect hits an auetic material an! compresses
it in one !irection, the auetic material also contracts
laterally, i.e., material E:o&sF into the vicinity of the
impact.
2his creates an area of !enser material, &hich is resistant
to in!entation.
+racture toughness
$uetic materials have increase! fracture toughness than
conventional materials.
2he fracture toughness &as eplore! eperimentally as a
function of permanent volumetric compression ratio, a
processing varia#le.
0ompare to that of conventional polyurethane-polyester foam
materials, the toughness of auetic foam is increase #y factors
of *.@, -.*, -.(, -.I an! (.- &ith increases of volumetric
compression ratio -.+, -.I, (.-, (.@ an! H.-, respectively.
$uetic materials also have higher crac" resistance. /f the
material has a crac", it epan!s an! closes up the crac" &hen
#eing pulle! apart.
Synclastic cur-ature
?hen a conventional material is su#%ecte! to
an out-of-plane #en!ing moment, the surface
is inevita#ly slightly stretche! an! lea!ing
into shrin" the perpen!icular !irection.
/t !isplays anti-clastic curvature !ue to the
e!ges curl up&ar!s, sho&ing sa!!le shape
(5gure (a)).

Jo&ever, an auetic material &ill !isplay

3ynclastic or !ou#le curvature as sho&n in
5gure (#).

2his pro!uce !ome-li"e shape &ithout the

nee! for ecessive machining or forcing the
material to the !esire! shape &hich coul!
result in !amage.
)ou#le curvature-
conve shape in
auetic materials
0urvature #ehavior
in non-auetic
materials
Energy a,sorption
$uetic materials sho& overall superiority energy a#sorption,
such as ultrasonic, acoustic, an! !amping, compare! to the
conventional materials.
$uetic foams coul! have #etter soun! a#sorption capacity
than conventional foams at lo& fre=uencies.
2he !ynamic crushing properties &ere remar"a#le in the
auetic foam case, &hile the conventional foam !i! not sho&
a signi5cant resilience at high constant strain rate loa!ing.
3aria,le permea,ility

$uetic materials are a#le to open pores #y stretching. 2his is

useful feature in various types of 5ltration application.
$uetic materials o>ere! improve! 5ltration performance from
macro-scale to nano-scale #ecause of their uni=ue pore-
opening properties an! characteristics.
Polymeric auetic materials an! structures can enhance pore
si<e an! shape a!%ustment &hen pressure increase! or
su#%ecte! to uniaial stretching.
/n a!!ition, the pore si<e is a function of applie! strain &hich is
smart release mechanism.
Auxetic .nitted fa,rics using =at .nitting technology
$uetic fa#ric forme! &ith the arrangement of face
an! reverse loops in rectangular forms. a) Lnitting
pattern, #) fa#ric at the free state, c) fa#ric at the
stretche! state, !) Poissons ratio vs. strain.
$uetic fa#ric forme! &ith the arrangement of face
an! reverse loops in hori<ontal an! vertical stripes.
a) Lnitting pattern, #) fa#ric at the free state, c)
fa#ric at the stretche! state, !) Poissons ratio vs.
strain.
0ontinue8
$uetic fa#ric forme! &ith rotating rectangles. a) Lnitting pattern, #)
fa#ric at the free state, c) fa#ric at the stretche! state, !) Poissons
ratio vs. strain.
0ontinue8
$uetic fa#ric forme! &ith real re-entrant heagonal structure. a)
Lnitting pattern, #) fa#ric at the free state, c) fa#ric at the stretche!
state, !) Poissons ratio vs. strain.
A))ICATI"?S "+ AUXETIC
MATE!IAS
Sensors

1aterials &ith .PR can a!vantageously #e use! in the

!esign of hy!rophones an! other 3ensors.
Because the lo& #ul" mo!ulus ma"es them more
sensitive to hy!rostatic pressure.
For eample, the sensitivity is increase! #y almost one
or!er of magnitu!e &ith .PR of -*, compare! to a
material &ith a or!inary Poissons ratio of +.(.
$uetic chiral honeycom#
&ith em#e!!e! !amage
sensor
@io&medicine
$rti5cial #loo! vessel is a typical eample for
the me!ical application.
/f the #loo! vessel is ma!e of conventional
material, it ten!s to un!ergo a !ecrease in &all
thic"ness as the vessel opens up in response to
a pulse of #loo! :o&ing through it (Figure (a)).
2his coul! lea! to rupture of the vessel &ith
potentially catastrophic results.
Jo&ever, if an auetic #loo! vessel is use!, the
&all thic"ness increases &hen a pulse of #loo!
:o&s through it (Figure (#)).
@io&medicine
$ !ilator for opening the cavity of an artery
or similar vessel has #een !escri#e! for
use in heart surgery (angioplasty) an!
relate! proce!ures (see Figure).
2he coronary artery is opene! up #y the
lateral epansion of a :ei#le auetic P2FA
hollo& ro! or sheath un!er tension.
1ore potential applications inclu!e surgical
implants, an! suture anchors or
muscle;ligament anchors, &here the
a!!itional #ene5t of a porous structure
shoul! promote #one gro&th.
Auxetic Smart @andages
Auxetic Alters
$uetic foam an! honeycom# 5lters o>er enhance!
potential for cleaning foule! 5lters, for tuning the 5lter
e>ective pore si<e an! shape, an! for compensating for
the e>ects of pressure #uil!-up !ue to fouling.
2hese #ene5ts rely on the pores opening up #oth along
an! transverse to the !irection of a tensile loa! applie!
to an auetic 5lter.
2he pores of a non-auetic 5lter open up in the
stretching !irection #ut close up in the lateral !irection,
lea!ing to poorer 5lter performance.
Jo&ever, stretching an auetic 5lter improves
performance #y opening pores in #oth !irections. 2he
e>ect of stretching on the !e-fouling of an auetic
polymeric honeycom# foule! &ith glass #ea!s has #een
investigate!.
Auxetic curtains
for ,last protection
$uetic #last curtains in
action
$uetic cor!s to pro!uce #last
curtains
)otential applications in Aerospace and #efense
Pyrolytic graphite &ith .PR of -+.-* for thermal protection in
$erospace.
Garge single crystals of .i($l &ith a minimum Poissons ratio of
C+.*7 in vanes for aircraft gas tur#ine engines.
$uetic 5#res can #e employe! as reinforcement, lea!ing to
enhance! impact an! in!entation resistance an! superior
energy a#sorption in a tetile.
2herefore, #ecause of their uni=ue properties, auetic materials
are potentially attractive for applications in protective clothing
an! others for military an! homelan! security, such as superior
performance out5ts, com#at %ac"ets an! #o!y armor (e.g.,
#ullet-proof helmets, #ulletproof vests, etc.).
)rotecti-e clothing
Protective materials normally nee! to #e up to a
centimeter thic", an! so are very sti>, heavy an!
in:ei#le. Jo&ever, #o!y armor ma!e from auetic
materials coul! give the similar protection for
military personnel in the #attle5el!, #ut it &oul! #e
thinner an! lighter.
$uetic materials have another special property in
their #ehaviour &hen #ent i.e. !ome-li"e shape.
2his peculiar function of auetic materials is useful
to manufacture #etter #o!y armors, #ecause auetic
#o!y armor coul! give the same safeguar! #ut
thinner, lighter, an! conform #etter to the 3ynclastic
!ou#le curvatures of the human #o!y.
2he conve shapes are more appropriate than
sa!!le shapes for san!&ich panels for aircraft or
automo#iles.
Auxetic +asteners and !i-ets
$s the auetic materials epan! si!e&ays &hen pulle!,
hence they &oul! #e i!eal for ma"ing fasteners an!
rivets.
/nsertion of the auetic fastener is facilitate! #y the
lateral contraction un!er compression, &hile removal of
the fastener is resiste! since the fastener epan!s an!
%ams itself more tightly in the hole un!er tension.
)uring insertion, the loa!-!isplacement curve sho&s an
initial sharp increase in the loa! an! then more gra!ual
increase until the maimum !isplacement is reache!.
)uring the removal, the loa! is sharply increase! an!
the fastener #rea"s at a !isplacement of -.7 mm an! a
loa! of *I+ ..
2he fracture surface &as in the #o!y of the core, a&ay
from the soc"et an! em#e!!e! grip en!s.
Load as a function of
displacement for experimental
insertion and removal of
fastener core, which is made of
copper re-entrant foam
"ther Applications of auxetic materials
2etiles - $uetic 5#ers, threa!s, functional fa#ric, color
change straps.
/n!ustry - gas"et, 5shnet, rope or cor!, seal, seat
cushions, earphone cushions, shoc" a#sor#ers,
pac"aging materials.
$erospace - ?ing panel.
Protection - shin pa!, "nee pa!, glove, porous #arrier,
car #umpers.
Biome!ical C !ental :oss, arti5cial s"in, surgical sutures,
ligaments anchors.
?o-el Auxetic Structures from
@raided Composite !ods 0@C!2
.ote: 2his &or" #eing carrie! out in 4niversity of
1inho
Auxetic structure
Glass 5#er reinforce! #rai!e! structure &as
pro!uce! &ith the help of vertical #rai!ing
machine.
2he linear !ensity of the core (glass 5#er) is
H7++ te.
2he cover is polyester &ith the linear !ensity
of **+ te.
/n these #rai!e! structures, the cover
in:uences the a!herence properties, &hereas
the core reinforcement is responsi#le for their
mechanical performance
r
-
r
*
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$uetic structure chosen for
our &or"
+a,rication of auxetic structures from
@raided composite rods
2he auetic structural !esign &as !ra&n on a &hite chart paper.
2he chart paper &as place! on a #oar! an! the #rai!e! structures
&ere place! over the !ra&n !esign 5rmly &ith help of a!hesive
tape.
2he cross-over points &ere tie! #y polyester 5laments an! epoy
resin &as applie! over the structures using a #rush.
$fter curing, the structures &ere remove! from the #oar!.
2he percentage of the glass 5#er &eight in the structure &as "ept
constant aroun! ,(.,O.
2he !imension of these structures &as "ept constant for all
specimens i.e. -+ cm in &i!th an! H+ cm in length.
#e-eloped Auxetic Structures
3tructure * 3tructure - 3tructure ( 3tructure H 3tructure , 3tructure I
#e-eloped auxetic structures
Dalues of the structural angles an! ri# length
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E-aluation of auxetic ,eha-ior of the structures
$uetic #ehavior of the structures &as
evaluate! using tensile test &ith cross-
hea! spee! of -, mm;min.
2o measure !imensional changes of the
structures !uring tensile loa!, a image-
#ase! trac"ing metho! &as use!.
?ith suita#le photo-mechanical set-up
the image &as capture! continuously
throughout tensile testing.
Gater the images analy<e! in 1$2G$B
!evice to calculate strain values of #oth
lateral an! longitu!inal.
White point at nodes
a
Clamp
b
(a) structures &ith &hite mar"s
painte! at !esignate! placesP (#)
#inary image resulting from the
post-processing using an image-
#ase! trac"ing algorithm
Auxetic )roperties of Structures
Structure
?o%
A-erage )!
-alue at strain
of 5%558
Standard
Error
*
-+.(@ +.+H,
-
-+.,7 +.+-,
(
-*.-, +.+@+
H
-*.I@ +.+,,
,
-H.-+ +.*I+
I -+.I- +.**
Auxetic @eha-ior of Structures
+.++ +.+, +.*+ +.*, +.-+ +.-, +.(+ +.(, +.H+ +.H,
-+.I
-+.,
-+.H
-+.(
-+.-
-+.*
+
3ample
*
3ample
-
3ample
(
Gongitu!inal 3train
PoissonQs Ratio
+ +.+, +.* +.*, +.- +.-, +.(
-+.6
-+.7
-+.@
-+.I
-+.,
-+.H
-+.(
-+.-
-+.*
+
3ample
*
3ample
-
Dertical $ial 3train
PoissonQs Ratio
3tructure * 3tructure -
3tructure (
+ +.+- +.+H +.+I +.+7 +.* +.*- +.*H
-*.H
-*.-
-*
-+.7
-+.I
-+.H
-+.-
+
3ampl
e *
3ampl
e -
3ampl
e (
Dertical $ial 3train
PoissonQs ratio
0ontinue...
+ +.+* +.+- +.+( +.+H +.+, +.+I +.+@ +.+7 +.+6
--
-*.7
-*.I
-*.H
-*.-
-*
-+.7
-+.I
-+.H
-+.-
+
3ample
*
3ample
-
3ample
(
Dertical $ial 3train
PoissonQs Ratio
3tructure H
+ +.+* +.+* +.+- +.+- +.+( +.+( +.+H +.+H
-I
-,
-H
-(
--
-*
+
3ample *
3ample -
3ample (
Detical $ial 3train
PoissonQs Ratio
3tructure , 3tructure I
5 5%5$ 5%5$ 5%5( 5%5( 5%5' 5%5'
&$
&5%B
&5%<
&5%C
&5%;
&5%8
&5%7
&5%'
&5%(
&5%$
5
Sample '
Sample 7
3ertical Axial Strain
)oissonDs ratio
Tensile )roperties of Auxetic Structures
Structure
?o%
A-g% max%
tensile load
0.?2
A-g% elongation
at
max% Tensile
load
0E2
* *.*, (+.*I) (7.7 (,.H7)
- *.H7 (+.I7) -,.7 (-.I7)
( -.(H (+.IH) **.H (H.*H)
H (.++ (+.,7) 7.I (,.,*)
, H.,, (+.@() ,.I (I.**)
I @.6+ (+.,+) ,.I (H.7-)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4
Sample 5
Elongation (%)
Tensile load (k)
Structure
?o%
A-g% max%
tensile load
0.?2
A-g% elongation
at
max% Tensile
load
0E2
* ,.I+ (+.*I) (.-@ (+.@7)
Tensile )roperties of )lain
grid
+ - H I 7 *+ *-
+.+
+.,
*.+
*.,
-.+
-.,
(.+
(.,
H.+
Alongation (O)
2ensile loa! (".)
+ - H I 7 *+ *-
+.+
+.,
*.+
*.,
-.+
-.,
(.+
(.,
H.+
H.,
,.+
,.,
Alongation (O)
2ensile loa! (".)
+ * - ( H , I
+.+
*.+
-.+
(.+
H.+
,.+
I.+
@.+
7.+
Alongation (O)
2ensile loa! (".)
3tructure H
3tructure ,
Plain gri!
3tructure I
+ * * - - ( ( H H , ,
+.+
*.+
-.+
(.+
H.+
,.+
I.+
Alongation O
2ensile loa! (".)
For. of rupture of the
structures
Structur
e ?o%
A-erage
>or. of
rupture 0G2
C3E
* *H -*
- *- *7
( *H 7
H -+ --
, ,@ ,*
I *(I *-
Plain gri! I- (*
Summary of results of no-el auxetic
structure from @C!
2he auetic property of the structures !epen!s upon the structure
initial angle .
Jigher the initial angle, higher the Poissons ratio of the structures.
2he tensile #ehavior of the structure also !epen!s upon structural
initial angle .
2he #ehavior is same li"e auetic #ehavior.
2he auetic structure I has Poissons ratio as &ell as goo! tensile
#ehavior than conventional structure (plain gri!). $lso the &or" of
rupture of the structure I is much higher than other structure. 3o
it is propose! for civil applications &here the more energy
a#sorption is re=uire!.
Than.s