Mechanics of composite lamina and laminate

(Classical Laminate Theory)

1
For a linear isotropic material in a 3D stress state, the stressstrain relationships as per Hookes law at a
point in an xyz orthogonal system in matrix form are :
Shear Modulus G = E/2(1+v)
Compliance matrix
[S]
Stiffness matrix [C]
Strain energy per unit volume is,
For Composite material which
are non-isotropic, generalized
Hookes law presents 36
constants in stiffness matrix
relating stresses & strains in an
1-2-3 orthogonal system
1 2
4
3
1
=
Stiffness for various types of materials
2
The stress strain relation in eq. 4 can be expressed as
where 4 = 23 , 5 = 31 , 6 = 12 and
4 = 23 , 5 = 31 , 6 = 12

So the strain energy equation can be expressed as

which is same as

Partial differential of SE equation gives and

So Cij = Cji and thus the 36 constants can be reduced to 21 constants for Anisotropic
material
Other cases of material
symmetry
# of constants
Monoclinic 13
Orthotropic 9
Transverse Orthotropic 5
Isotropic 2
3
Case of 2D angle lamina
Stresses in the global x-y and local 1-2
directions in the angle lamina are related
to each other through the angle of the
lamina, as,
For a 2D laminate all the laminae
are not in same directions and
some laminae are at an angle to
the global x-y direction
where [T], the transformation matrix is defined
as
c = Cos() and s = Sin()
4a
In terms of the strains,

Strain transformations relation
where
is Reuter matrix
[28]
So,
So,
The stress-strain relations can
be written in terms of
transformed reduced stiffness
matrix Q
ij
5
4b
5
Thus the normal, shear
stresses & strains are coupled
for a generally orthotropic
angular lamina and varies with
fiber angle.
For thin lamina with no out of
plane loads, the plane stress
condition gives
where
E1 = longitudinal Youngs modulus (in direction 1)
E2 = transverse Youngs modulus (in direction 2)
12 = major Poissons ratio while ij = ratio of ve
of
normal strain in j to normal strain in i when
load is
applied in i dir.
G12 = in-plane shear modulus (in plane 12)
5c
5b
Analysis of Failure theories of composite lamina
6
Theory Criteria Remarks
Maximum stress theory
(failure occurs if max normal or shear
stress in local axes exceeds ultimate
strength of lamina)
Similar to isotropic materials
and each stress component is
considered separate to others
Maximum strain theory
[St. Venant]
(failure occurs if max normal or shear
strain in local axes exceeds ultimate strain
of lamina)
Similar to max stress theory but
due to poissons ratio effect,
gives different results
Tsai hill theory
[Von Mises distortion energy theory]

(failure occurs when when the distortion
energy is greater than the failure
distortion energy of the material)


Considers the interaction
among the three strength
parameters 1, 2, 12
More conservative than above
2 for applicable stress
Does not give mode of failure
Close to experimental results
Tsai-Wu theory [Beltrami strain energy]






Distinguishes between tensile
and compressive strengths of
lamina
Gives better applicable stress
than all other theories
Close to experimental results
like Tsai-Hill theory
H6 = 0,
Stress strain analysis of composite laminates
7
[0/45/902/60/0] [0/45/60]s [0/45/902/60/0]
Stacking notations
Assumptions
each lamina is orthotropic,
homogeneous and elastic
Shear strains in xz and yz are
zero
Plane stress : z = xz = yz = 0
Displacements are small
compared to lamina thickness
and No inter-lamina slip
Resultant forces and moments on a
laminate
Laminate strain displacement relations
8
Relationship between displacements
w through the thickness of a plate to
mid-plane displacements u, v and
curvatures
u0, v0, w0 are displacements
at mid-plane and u, v, and w
are displacement at any point
in the thickness
u = u0 zx where =
u = u0 z
Similarly in y-z plane v = v0 - z
x =



xy
=



=
y =
Mid plane
strain
Mid plane
curvature
So
,
5d
9
The strain-displacement equations can be written in matrix form as
Stresses change over at ply
since Qij depend upon
material and ply orientation
Global stresses, strain can be transformed to local system 1-2 and so can be used to check failure
criteria

Next, we will find the mid-plane strains and curvatures when the loads are known
6
Laminate mid-plane strains and curvatures
10
Mid plane
Ply positioning inside a laminate
Consider a system of n laminae in a laminate each having thickness of tk with
h being total thickness of laminate. The z coordinate of various plies are,
Top surface
Top surface
Bottom surface Bottom surface
6b
11
If,
Nx, Ny = normal force per unit length
Nxy = shear force per unit length
Mx, My = bending moments per unit length
Mxy = twisting moments per unit length
Integrating stresses global stresses in each lamina
In matrix form,
12
So Eq 6 for relation of global stresses and mid-plane strains and curvatures can be written as,
Since mid-plane strains and curvatures are independent of z coord. and [Qk]
stiffness matrix is constant for each ply. Hence,
7a
7b
13
Considering ,
8a
8b
Extensional stiffness
matrix
Bending stiffness matrix
Coupling stiffness matrix
9
14
Relates in-plane
forces to in-plane
strains
Relates bending
moment to plate
curvatures
Couples force and
moments to mid-plane
strains, curvatures
10
15
Ref: Similar to Ex 4.3 from Mechanics of composite materials, A.K Kaw

A [0/30/45] glass/epoxy laminate is subjected to a load of Nx = Ny = 1000 N/m., Mx
= 50 N-m
Using the properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy below and assuming that each
lamina is 5 mm thick, aim is to find

1. Mid-plane strains and curvatures
2. Global and local stresses on top surface of 30 ply
3. Percentage of load, Nx, taken by each ply
Example Problem
Property Symbol Unit Value
Longitudinal elastic modulus E1 GPa 38.6
Transverse elastic modulus E2 Gpa 8.27
Major Poissons ratio 12 0.26
Shear modulus G12 Gpa 4.14
21 = 12 x E2/E1

= 0.26 X 8.27/38.6
= 0.0557
Steps
16
1. Find the value of the reduced stiffness matrix [Q] for each ply using its four
elastic moduli, E1, E2, 12, and G12 in Equation (5b).
2. Find the value of the transformed reduced stiffness matrix for each ply using
the [Q] matrix calculated in step 1 and the angle of the ply in Equation (5c)
3. Knowing the thickness, tk, of each ply, find the coordinate of the top and
bottom surface, hi, i = 1, n, of each ply, using Equation (6b).
4. Use the matrices from step 2 and the location of each ply from step 3 to find
the three stiffness matrices [A], [B], and [D] from Equation (9).
5. Substitute the stiffness matrix values found in step 4 and the applied forces
and moments in Equation (10).
6. Solve the six simultaneous equations (10) to find the mid-plane strains and
curvatures.
7. Now that the location of each ply is known, find the global strains in each ply
using Equation (5d).
8. For finding the global stresses, use the stressstrain Equation (5).
9. For finding the local strains, use the transformation Equation (4b).
10. For finding the local stresses, use the transformation Equation (4a).
Solution
17
For the 0 deg
ply,
= 39.17 GPa
= 2.182 GPa
= 8.392 GPa
= 4.14 GPa
39.17 2.18
0
2.18 8.39 0
0 0
4.14
For the 30 deg
ply
26.38 7.58 9.54
7.58 11.07 3.78
9.54 3.78 9.12
For the 45 deg
ply
17.11 9.38 -
6.65
9.38 17.11 -6.65
-6.65 -6.65 10.27
Aij =
39.17 2.18
0 2.18 8.39
0
0 0
4.14
x(-0.0025)-(-0.0075)x10
9
+

x(0.0025)-(-0.0025)x10
9

26.38 7.58 9.54
7.58 11.07 3.78
9.54 3.78 9.12
+
17.11 9.38 -
6.65 9.38 17.11 -6.65
-6.65 -6.65
10.27
x(0.0075)-(0.0025)x10
9

Aij =
41.33 9.57
1.45
9.57 18.29 -1.43
1.45 -1.43 11.77
x 10
6
Pa-
m
18
Bij = 1/2
39.17 2.18
0 2.18 8.39
0
0 0
4.14
x(-0.0025)
2
-(-0.0075)
2
x10
9
+

x(0.0025)
2
-(-
0.0025)
2
x10
9

26.38 7.58
9.54
7.58 11.07
3.78
9.54 3.78
9.12
+
17.11 9.38 -
6.65 9.38 17.11 -6.65
-6.65 -6.65
10.27
x(0.0075)
2
-(0.0025)
2
x10
9

1/2
+ 1/2
Bij
=
-9.79 -0.55 -
1.66
-0.55 2.1 -1.66
-1.66 -1.66 3.6
x 10
5
Pa-
m2
Dij = 1/3
39.17 2.18
0 2.18 8.39
0
0 0
4.14
x(-0.0025)
3
-(-0.0075)
3
x10
9
+

x(0.0025)
3
-(-
0.0025)
3
x10
9

26.38 7.58
9.54
7.58 11.07
3.78
9.54 3.78
9.12
+
17.11 9.38 -
6.65 9.38 17.11 -6.65
-6.65 -6.65
10.27
x(0.0075)
3
-(0.0025)
3
x10
9

1/3
+ 1/3
7.88 1.61 -0.79
4.89 3.53 -
0.85
-0.79 -0.85
2.03
Dij
=
x 10
3
Pa-
m3
19
1.45 -1.43 11.77
41.33 9.57
1.45
9.57 18.29 -1.43
-9.79 -0.55 -
1.66
-0.55 2.1 -
1.66
-1.66 -1.66 3.6
x
10
6
x
10
5
-9.79 -0.55 -
1.66
-0.55 2.1 -
1.66
-1.66 -1.66 3.6
x
10
5
7.88 1.61 -0.79
4.89 3.53 -
0.85
-0.79 -0.85
2.03
x 10
3


=
-
17.2
90.7
39.9
-
56.3
-
4415.2
-
2936.5
m/m
1/m
x
10
6
30
0
top
-
17.2
90.7
39.9
+ (-0.025)
-
56.3
-4415.2
-2936.5
=
-17.06
101.8
47.24
x 10
-
6
30
0
top
30 deg
ply
26.38 7.58 9.54
7.58 11.07 3.78
9.54 3.78 9.12
=
x
10
9
-17.06
101.8
47.24
x 10
-6
=
77.2
65.29
117.6 x 10
4
Pa
Mid-plane strain, curvature
Global strains
Global stress
The global strains and stress in the 30 ply at the top surface
A
B
20
The local strains and stress in the 30 ply at the top surface
=
0.75 0.25 0.866
0.25 0.75 -
0.866
-0.433 0.433 0.5
-17.06
101.8
47.24
x 10
-
6
=
53.56
31.17
75.08
x 10
-
6
0.75 0.25 0.866
0.25 0.75 -
0.866
-0.433 0.433 0.5
=
77.2
65.29
117.6 x 10
4
Pa
=
143.9
50.9
50.14
x 10
4
Pa
Local stress
Global strains
This process can be repeated for middle and bottom surface for 0
0
and -45
0
plies
C
D