PINDAH SILANG

(CROSSING OVER)
PINDAH SILANG (CROSSING OVER)
Contoh : (1) Pada tan. Ercis (susunan sis)





Gen-gen terangkai : + (M) = bunga ungu
m = bunga merah
+ (B) = serbuk sari panjang
b = serbuk sari bulat

P1 : + + x m b
+ + m b
ungu, serbuksari panjang merah, bulat
F1 : + +
m b
ungu, panjang
Test cross : + + (M B) x m b
m b m b m b
F2 : Kalau Test Cross pada Dihibrid ??

M B
M
B
b m
b
m
F2 : 192 tan berbunga ungu, serbuk sari panjang
23 tan berbunga ungu, serbuk sari bulat
30 tan berbunga merah, serbuk sari panjang
182 tan berbunga merah, serbuk sari bulat

Gamet-gamet yang tidak mengalami pindah silang :
gamet + + (M B) dan gamet m b
Gamet-gamet yang gen-gennya mengalami pindah silang :
gamet + b (M b) dan gamet m + (m B)

F2 :


Genotif Fenotif Banyaknya Frekuensi Tipe
M B
m b
Ungu,
panjang
192 (192/427) x
100 %
Parental
M b
m b
Ungu, bulat 23 Rekomb
inan
m B
mb
Merah,
panjang
30 Rekomb
inan
m b
m b
Merah,
bulat
182 Parental
Prosentase Rekombinasi :
23 + 30 x 100 % = 12,41 %
427
Tipe parentalnya : 100 % - 12,41 % = 87,59 %

(2) Pada tan. Ercis (susunan trans)

P : + b x m +
+ b m +
Atau
P : M b x m B
M b m B
Ungu, bulat merah, panjang

Tentukan gamet, F1 ?

F2 : (hasil uji silang)
14 tan berbunga ungu, serbuk sari panjang
178 tan berbunga ungu, serbuk sari bulat
160 tan berbunga merah, serbuk sari panjang
18 tan berbunga merah, serbuk sari bulat

Gamet-gamet yang tidak mengalami pindah silang : .........
Gamet-gamet yang gen-gennya mengalami pindah silang :
......

F2 :





Berapa prosentase rekombinasi ?
Genotif Fenotif Banyaknya Frekuensi Tipe
??? ???
Ringkasan :
1. Gen-gen tidak terangkai :
a. perkawinan dihibrid (AaBb x AaBb), keturunan 9 : 3 : 3 :
1
b. Uji silang dihibrida (AaBb x aabb), keturunan 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
2. Gen-gen terangkai sempurna :
a. Perkawinan dihibrid, gen-gen terangkai sis
(A B x A B), keturunan 3 : 0 : 0 : 1 atau 3 : 1
a b ab
b. Perkawinan dihibrid, gen-gen terangkai trans :
( A b x A b ), keturunan 2 : 1 : 1 : 0 atau 2 : 1 : 1
a B a B
3. Gen-gen terangkai tak sempurna
a. Uji silang dihibrid, gen terangkai sis ..........
b. Uji silang dihibrid, gen terangkai trans
Recombination Occurs Less Frequently Between
Closely Linked Genes

Physical crossing over is a normal meiosis
event
Crossing-over pertukaran segmen dari
kromatid-kromatid bukan non-sister
kromatid dari sepasang kromosom
homolog
The term used to describe crossing over is
recombination
Recombination can occur between any two
genes on a chromosome
The farther apart the two genes the more
crossing over

Pindah silang dibedakan atas :
1. Pindah silang tunggal
2. Pindah silang ganda



Pindah silang
tunggal
Berapakah NPSnya?
NILAI PINDAH SILANG (NPS)
NPS ADALAH ANGKA YANG MENUNJUKKAN
BESARNYA PERSENTASE KOMBINASI BARU YANG
DIHASILKAN AKIBAT TERJADINYA PINDAH SILANG
Jawaban



NPS = 16 + 22 x100% = 38
x100%
382+16+22+35 773
= 4,92%
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pindah silang :
1. TEMPERATUR, temperatur kurang atau melebihi
temperatur biasa dapat memperbesar kemungkinan
pindah silang
2. UMUR, makin tua suatu individu makin kurang
mengalami pindah silang
3. ZAT KIMIA tertentu dapat memperbesar kemungkinan
terjadinya pindah silang
4. PENYINARAN SINAR X dapat memperbesar
kemungkinan pindah silang
5. JARAK ANTAR GEN YANG TERANGKAI, makin jauh
letak satu gen dengan gen lainnya, makin besar
kemungkinan pindah silang
6. JENIS KELAMIN, umumnya jantan atau betina dapat
mengalami pindah silang. Namun pada ulat sutera betina
dan Drosophila jantan tidak pernah terjadi pindah silang
2005 Prentice Hall Inc. / A Pearson Education
Company / Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
07458
Mapping I
Mapping is identifying
relationships between
genes on
chromosomes
Just as a road map
shows relationships
between towns on
highway: fine maps
Two types of mapping:
genetic and physical
Mapping II
Genetic mapping
Based on differences in recombination frequency
between genetic loci: meiosis
Physical mapping
Based on actual distances in base pairs between
specific sequences found on the chromosome
Most powerful when genetic and physical
mapping are combined
Genetic mapping I
Based on recombination frequencies
The further away two points are on a chromosome,
the more recombination there is between them
Because recombination frequencies vary along a
chromosome, we can obtain a relative position for
the loci
Distance between the markers
Genetic mapping II
Genetic mapping requires that a cross be
performed between two related organisms
The organism should have phenotypic differences
(contrasting characters like red and white or tall and
short etc) resulting from allele differences at two or
more loci
The frequency of recombination is determined by
counting the F
2
progeny with each phenotype
Genetic mapping example I
Genes on two
different
chromosomes
Independent
assortment during
meiosis (Mendel)
No linkage
Dihybrid ratio
F
1

9 : 3 : 3 : 1
F
2

P
Genetic mapping example II
Genes very close
together on same
chromosome
Will usually end up
together after meiosis
Tightly linked
F
1

1 : 2 : 1
F
2

P
Genetic mapping example III
Genes on same
chromosome, but not
very close together
Recombination will
occur
Frequency of
recombination
proportional to
distance between
genes
Measured in
centiMorgans =cM

Recombinants
Non-parental features
One map unit = one centimorgan (cM) = 1% recombination between loci
Membuat Peta Kromosom :
Peta Kromosom adalah : gambar skema
sebuah kromosom yang dinyatakan
sebagai sebuah garis lurus dimana
diperlihatkan lokus setiap gen yang
terletak pada kromosom tsb.
Sentromer dari kromosom biasanya
dianggap sbg pangkal, maka diberi tanda
angka 0
Pada lokus setiap gen dibubuhkan angka
yang menunjukkan jarak antara gen itu
dengan sentromer atau jarak antara satu
gen dengan gen yang lain.
Peta relatif : peta kromosom tanpa
menunjukkan letak sentromer

0
p
q
26,2
17,7

1
3
1
0
6,
2
a
b
c
Jarak Peta ????

By definition, one map unit is equal to one
percent recombinant gametes or phenotypes

In honor of Morgan, one map unit is also called
one centimorgan (cM)

1 mu = 1% = 1 cM
To determine the distance between two genes,
divide the number of recombinant gametes by the
total number of gametes

Formula :
Number of recombinants x 100%
Total Number
Contoh 1 : Coupling Data
F
1
Gamete Testcross Distribution Gamete Type
pr
+
vg
+

1339 Parental
pr
+
vg
151 Recombinant
pr vg
+

154 Recombinant
pr vg
1195 Parental
pr vg distance = ((151 +154)/2839)*100% = 10.7 m.u
= 10.7 cM
Contoh 2 : Repulsion Data
F
1
Gamete Testcross Distribution Gamete Type
pr
+
vg
+

157 Recombinant
pr
+
vg
965 Parental
pr vg
+

1067 Parental
pr vg
146 Recombinant
pr vg distance = ((157 + 146)/2335)*100% = 13.0 cM
Jarak Gen

Coupling : pr vg
10,7 cM


Repulsion : pr vg
13,0 cM
Linkage maps estimate distances
between genes.
The closer together two genes are, the more likely they will be
inherited together.
Cross-over frequencies are related to distances between genes.
The higher the frequency, the further the genes are apart
Linkage maps show the relative locations of genes.
Cross-over frequencies can be converted into map units.
Ex: A 5% cross-over frequency equals 5 map units.
gene A and gene B cross over 6.0 percent of
the time
gene B and gene C cross over
12.5 percent of the time
gene A and gene C cross over 18.5 percent of the time
Draw a linkage map based on the
following cross over percentages:
A B = 8%
B C = 10%
A C = 2%
Draw a linkage map based on the
following cross over percentages:
A B = 8%
B C = 10%
A C = 2%
8.0 2.0

B A C

8.0 + 2.0 = 10.0
Remember these are estimates; the differences
between the two estimates reflect random deviation

Neither estimate is incorrect; repeated
experimentation would give a more accurate estimate


Figure 3.18 Genomes 3 ( Garland Science 2007)
cM or centimorgan

1% Recombination = 1 cM
Membuat peta kromosom dengan gen rangkap
tiga :
Deriving Linkage Distance And Gene Order From Three-Point
Crosses
Analyzing three genes allows us to determine gene order as well as
linkage distance
Need to create a F1 and follow deviation from a 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio
What are the expected gametes when three linked genes are
considered?
Analyzing Three-Point Test Cross Data
Genotype Observed
ABC 390
abc 374
AbC 27
aBc 30
ABc 5
abC 8
Abc 81
aBC 85
Total 1000
What are the parental genotypes?


What is the gene order?


What are the linkage distances?


What are the parental genotypes?

The genotypes most frequently found are the parental
genotypes

ABC and abc are the parental genotypes

Menentukan urutan gen :
Tipe tetua = paling banyak (n.c.o)
Tipe crossing over ganda = paling sedikit (d.c.o)
Dua gen pada tipe tetua = dua gen pada tipe
d.co, yang tidak sama terletak di tengah
What is the gene order?
What is the gene order?
* Menentukan susunan gen dengan
memperhatikan Tipe Parental dan Tipe DCO
Pada Tipe Parental di-DCO-kan dan
dibandingkan dengan hasil DCO pengamatan
The double crossover moves a non-parental
allele of the central gene between two parental
alleles
Gene C is between genes A and B (gene order =
A C B)

Analyzing Three-Point Test Cross Data
Genotype Observed Type of Gamete
ACB
390 Parental
acb
374 Parental
ACb
27 Single-crossover between genes C and B
acB
30 Single-crossover between genes C and B
AcB
5 Double-crossover
aCb
8 Double-crossover
Acb
81 Single-crossover between genes A and C
aCB
85 Single-crossover between genes A and C
Total 1000
What are the linkage distances?
Linkage distance equals the sum of the
appropriate single cross plus all double crosses
divided by total number of gametes

Formula :
Jarak = SCO + DCO x 100%
Jumlah Total

*Jarak A - C = ((81+85+5+8)/1000)*100 = 17.9 cM
*Jarak C - B = ((27+30+5+8)/1000)*100 = 7.0 cM

A C B
17,9 cM 7,0 cM
*Jarak A - C = ((81+85+5+8)/1000)*100 = 17.9 cM
*Jarak C - B = ((27+30+5+8)/1000)*100 = 7.0 cM

A C B
17,9 cM 7,0 cM
Interference
Interference - the reduction in the expected number of
crossovers at two adjacent genetic intervals
Interferensi interaksi antar pindah silang
Pindah silang pada tempat tertentu mengurangi
kemungkinan terjadinya pindah silang pada daerah
didekatnya.
Pindah silang di daerah I mengurangi terjadinya pindah
silang pada daerah II
Mengakibatkan frekuensi pindah silang ganda lebih kecil
dari yang diharapkan

coefficient of coincidence (c.o.c.)
= ratio of observed to expected double crossovers

Koefisien koinsidensi adalah ukuran dari kekuatan
interferensi dan merupakan nisbah antara
frekuensi pindah silang ganda yang diamati dan
frekuensi pindah silang ganda yang diharapkan
Rumus


atau
KK = Banyaknya pindah silang ganda (DCO) yang sesungguhnya
Banyaknya pindah silang ganda (DCO) yang diharapkan

Interferensi = 1 - KK
Apabila interferensi sempurna (1,0) maka tidak
ada pindah silang ganda yang dapat diamati

Apabila semua pindah silang ganda yang
diharapkan dapat diamati maka interferensinya
nol (0)
Misalnya diketahui data sebagai berikut:

Genotipe gamet Jumlah Fenotipe
Dari F1 heterosigot individu
V Gl Va 235 normal
v gl va 270 mengkilat, steril sebagian, pucat
V gl Va 7 mengkilat
v Gl va 4 steril sebagian, pucat
V gl va 62 mengkilat, steril sebagian
v Gl Va 60 pucat
V Gl va 40 steril sebagian
v gl Va 48 mengkilat, pucat
726
Misalnya :

Diketahui peta kromosom :
V Gl Va
18,3 13,6
31,9

SCO-1 (V-Gl) : 18,3%
SCO-2 (Gl-Va) : 13,6%
Pindah silang ganda yang diharapkan = SCO-1 x SCO-2
= 0,183 x 0,136
= 0,025 = 2,5%
Pindah silang ganda yang sebenarnya :
7+4 = 1,5%
726

Sehingga Koefisien Koinsidensinya :
KK = 1,5% = 0,6
2,5%

Jadi Interferensinya :
I = 1-KK
= 1 0,6
= 0,4 = 40%
1. In human pedigree below where the male parent
does not appear, it is assumed that he is
phenotypically normal. Both hemophilia (h) and
color blindness (c) are sex linked recessives. In so
far as possible, determine the genotype for each
invidual in the pedigree ?

I 1 2 2 3
II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
III
1 2 3
= hemophilia = color blind = hemophilia-
colorblind
PR
2. Pada tanaman jagung (Zea mays) dikenal gen-gen
yang terangkai yaitu :
Bm = tulang daun hijau (normal)
bm = tulang daun coklat
Pr = biji kuning (normal)
pr = biji merah
V = daun hijau (normal)
v = daun hijau pucat
Uji silang tanaman trihibrid :
Bm Pr V X bm pr v
bm pr v bm pr v


Menghasilkan keturunan sebagai berikut :








a. Gambarkan peta kromosom relatif dimana gen-gen iti
terangkai ?
b. Tuliskan genotif dari tanaman parental ?
c. Berapakan inferensinya ? Apa maknanya ?


Bm pr v
bm pr v
57 tanaman
bm pr v 434 tanaman
bm Pr V 60 tanaman
Bm Pr V 441 tanaman
bm Pr v 2 tanaaman
Bm Pr v 1 tanaman
Bm pr V 3 tanaman
bm pr V 2 tanaman
2.