RBC staging arrangements

Metcalf & Eddy 2003

Biological tower/Activated sludge processes
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
LINDOX -Process
The LINDOX -process is an activated sludge process with oxygen aeration in
covered, staged bioreactors. It is used for the biological purification of industrial
and municipal waste water and is characterized by high space-time yields, low
space requirements, low energy consumption, minimum off-gas rates and a
sludge that can be well thickened and dewatered. It can easily cope with high and
varying waste water quantities and pollutant loads and can be used with good
results at restricted and sensitive locations and under extreme climatic
conditions.

http://www.linde-process-engineering.com/en/p0001/p0052/p0053/p0053.jsp#1
The Captor Cold-Temperature Nitrification Pilot Plant A cross-
flow packed bed Captor pilot tank (6' x 3' x 1.5') was constructed to
establish uniform hydraulic distribution in the reactor vessel. The
biological reactor was filled with 1" x 1" x 5" reticulated polyurethane
sponge pads having about 97% void space with internal and external
surfaces for biomass attachment or entrapment. Early results at
Scottsbluff show 80% to 90% ammonia removal. Tests are ongoing.

http://www.tec-engrs.com/tt992.htm
Metcalf & Eddy 2003


LINPOR-N process in a municipal
waste water treatment plant

http://www.linde-process-engineering.com/en/p0001/p0052/p0053/p0053.jsp#1
LINPOR-process
The LINPOR process makes use of a mobile carrier material
consisting of highly porous plastic foam cubes contained in a
classic aeration tank with fine-bubble diffuser aeration. High
concentrations of microorganisms grow on the carrier material.
Because virtually all the proven and standardized structural
and mechanical facilities of the conventional activated sludge
process can be used without modifications, this process is
ideal for both the construction of new plants and the
refurbishment and extension of existing activated sludge
systems, often without the need for additional construction
measures.

Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
AS processes with internal fixed packing for attached growth
(http://www.ringlace.com/Presentation/)
Ringlace packing is a looped polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
material (~5 mm in diameter); 25-35 % of reactors
volume; individual strands at 40-100 mm apart; specific
surface area 120-500 m
2
/m
2
.
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
Biocarbone process is
termed the biological
aerated filter (BAF).
Over 100 facilities have
been constructed
worldwide.
3-5 mm fired clay material is used in current designs.
High DO is required (3-5 mg/L).
Generally, in the final effluent: BOD and TSS < 10 mg/L and
NH4-N 1-4 mg/L with nitrification.
Biocarbone
Biofor
>100 installations in Europe and North
America
Bed depth 2-4 m; packing termed Biolite,
an clay material 2-4 mm.
Used for BOD removal and nitrification/
tertiary nitrification and denitrification
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
Bed depth 1.5-3 m; packing with polystyrene beads 2-4 mm;
specific surface area 1000 m
2
/m
2
.
Used for BOD removal only/ combined BOD removal and
nitrification/ tertiary nitrification and post-denitrification.
Average effluent BOD, TSS and NH4-N concentrations of 7, 11
and 1.8 mg/L, respectively for long-term operation.
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
Biostyr
Upflow system
Developed in
Denmark

Metcalf & Eddy 2003
Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor (FBBR)
For aerobic applications, influent is aerated to predissolve
oxygen, because adding air to the bed will discharge
packing to the effluent;
Mainly for post-denitrification

Upflow system
with velocity 30-
36 m/h
Bed of 0.4-0.5
mm sand or
activated carbon
Bed depth 3-4 m
1000 m
2
/m
2


Metcalf & Eddy 2003
Attached Growth Denitrification Processes
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
Attached Growth Preanoxic Denitrification
Metcalf & Eddy 2003
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Environmental/DENITE/bardenpho.htm
http://www.scitrav.com/wwater/waterlnk.htm
Nebel and Wright 1998
http://www.ecesgroup.com/
Land Application and Landscaper Irrigation
Risk of the transmission of disease
through the use of untreated
wastewater for vegetable irrigation.
Studies has shown that bacterial
levels are highest on leafy vegetables
such as lettuce and cabbage, as high
as 37,000 TC per 100g or 3,600 FC
per 100g
Rinsing in tap-water does not reduce
the indicators to safe levels and
outbreak of diseases such as cholera
have been associated with wastewater
irrigation of vegetables.
Outbreaks of parasites have also been
linked to this practice.
Land Application and Landscaper Irrigation
In Israel, stool samples containing Ascaris worms climbed to
35% when wastewater irrigation was used but fell to <1% after it
was banned.
In the US, a coliform level of 2.2 per 100 ml wastewater is
allowed for food crops whereas for non-edible crops and/or for
general landscape irrigation, it is 5,000 per 100 ml, and for
recreational use 23 per 100 ml.
Recycle Treated Wastewater
Reuse of treated effluent
from the Ngong Ping
Sewage Treatment Works.

http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/water/prob_solutions/highlights03.html
The unit rate of the SC is $1.2/m
3
of water
supplied. For each domestic account, the first
12 m
3
supplied in each 4 monthly consumption
period is exempted from sewage charging.

For the ten trades, businesses and
manufactures listed in Schedule A, the amount
of SC chargeable is based on 70% of the water
supplied to account for the water consumed in
the production process which is not discharged
into the public sewers. The others are charged
at 100% of the water supplied.
DSD

http://www.info.gov.hk/dsd/charges/sc.htm


1.


Bleaching and
dyeing of garments

2.


Bleaching and
dyeing of knitted
fabric

3.


Bleaching and
dyeing of woven
fabric

4.


Bleaching and
dyeing of yarn

5.


Knit outerwear

6.


Soft drinks and
carbonated waters
industries

7.


Breweries and
manufacture of
malt liquor

8.


Distilling,
rectifying and
blending spirits

9.


Restaurants

10.


Ice-making
industry

Schedule A