UNDER SIMULATED EARTHQUAKE MOTION 1 OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION MANUFATURING OF ECC ADVANTAGES OF ECC BEHAVIOUR OF ECC FIELD APPLICATIONS CASE STUDY CONCLUSIONS
2 INTRODUCTION ECC - Bendable concrete - High performance fiber reinforced cementitious composite - Polymer fibres instead of coarse aggregate
3 MANUFACTURING OF ECC Same as conventional concrete No coarse aggregates used Contains polymer fibres - Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyolefin Polyvinyl Alcohol
4 (2% volume or less) MIX DESIGN OF ECC 5 Mix design of ECC and regular concrete ADVANTAGES OF ECC High tensile ductility Ease of processing Resistance to micro cracking Good strain hardening behaviour High energy absorption Lesser life cycle cost 6 BEHAVIOUR OF ECC Tensile Behaviour
7 Tensile stress-strain curve and crack width development of ECC Compressive Properties Compressive strength : 30-90 MPa Compressive strain : 0.45-0.65 % Under compressive loading - gradual bulging of material
ECC showing large deflection and Fine multiple cracking on the tensile side of beam 9 Structural Behaviour Excellent shear capacity
Damage behaviour under cyclic loading (a) R/C and (b) R/ECC without stirrups (Fisher and Li, 2002)
10 Sustaining large imposed deformation Due to its high tensile strain hardening capacity Used in link slabs in bridges 11 Structural behaviour contd... Uniaxial tension test of ECC strip
(Fisher and Li, 2002) Compatible deformation between ECC and reinforcement No shear lag between ECC and steel Bond between ECC and steel is not critical 12 Structural behaviour contd... Compatible deformation between concrete and steel in (a) R/C and (b) R/ECC Fisher and Li, 2002 Durability Associated with Dense concrete matrix Low permeabilty Reduced transport of corrosives to steel 13 Corrosion Resistance Experiment by Electro-chemical method Crack width of 0.1mm - Reinforced ECC specimen Crack width of 2 mm - R/C specimen 14 (a) ECC (300 hours) and (b) mortar (75 hours) after accelerated corrosion test (Sahmaran, 2006) Impact Resistance Three point bending drop weight impact test by Yang and Li (2012) 15 Damage under three-point-bending drop weight impact test (a) R/C beam after the 1 st impact and (b) R/ECC beam after the 10 th impact Load capacity of beams against impact
R/C - 9 kN R/ECC - 20 kN
16 Impact resistance contd... Field applications For constructing deck slabs 17 The Mihara Bridge in Hokkaido, Japan For repair of spalling of concrete 18 Mitaka Dam in Hiroshima Field Applications Cntd... Reinforced ECC as coupling beams in high-rise buildings 19 Nabeaure Tower in Yokohama Field Applications Cntd... CASE STUDY BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE AND ECC STRUCTURES UNDER SIMULATED EARTHQUAKE MOTION Gencturk; Elnashai et al.(2013) 20 Description of the Experimental Program This study focuses on the performance assessment of concrete and ECC building structures under various loading conditions
Small scale testing (1/8-scale factor) are utilized to investigate
21 Materials used Micro concrete instead of exactly duplicating the prototype material, stress-strain response is imitated. ECC Four different ECC mixtures are investigated I. M45( Commonly used ECC design) II. High Fly Ash (HFA) mixture III. Poly Propylene Fiber (PPF) mixture IV. Silica Fume (SF) mixture Reinforcing bars made of steel Longitudinal bars threaded bars of effective diameter 3.4mm (corresponds to metric #25-29 bar in full scale) Transverse bars smooth bars of diameter1.2mm (corresponds to metric #10 bar in full scale)
22 Design and fabrication of specimens Two two-story two-bay frames (story height 3.05 m and a bay width 6.1 m) are designed according to the weak column strong beam (WCSB) principle.
The left exterior column of the first story is selected to be the experimental component for the frame tests
The design checks are performed according to ACI 318 (ACI 2008). 23 The frame satisfied all design criteria except for the minimum reinforcement ratio requirement of 1% in the columns
A total of 27 specimens are fabricated
24 Design and fabrication of specimensCntd... Cross-sectional dimensions and reinforcement details of the small-scale columns Testing and Simulation Framework loading capability provided by the load and boundary condition boxes(LBCBs).
the specimen is in an up side down position during testing
25 26 (a) Overview of the testing framework; (b) test specimen and instrumentation Test types Monotonic tests monotonically increasing displacements are applied.
Reversed cyclic tests two cycles are applied at drift levels of 0.15, 0.25, 0.5,0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, and up to 10%, with 1% increments Loading history is in accordance with the recommendations of FEMA 461
o with two different boundary conditions : fixed-fixed and fixed-pinned
27 Earthquake excitation To better represent the loading and boundary conditions under earthquake excitation, in addition to monotonic and reversed cyclic tests, static-time history tests and sub structured pseudo dynamic tests (hybrid simulation) are conducted.
The structural frames are modeled using a fiber-based finite element analysis software. the displacements and forces at the control point are extracted, scaled down, and applied to the specimens using the test setup 28 Test types Cntd... Test Matrix Different variables considered longitudinal and transverse reinforcement ratios Two longitudinal reinforcement ratios 0.87 and 1.29% The transverse reinforcement ratio is varied from 0.36 to 0% (nostirrups) Mixture design Four ECC mixtures and a concrete mixture The level of axial load The axial load is kept constant at 7.5% of the column axial strength for monotonic and reversed cyclic tests Three different axial load levels are considered for the static-time history and hybrid tests (5, 7.5, & 10%).
29 30 Test Matrix Cntd... PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 31 Monotonic and Reversed Cyclic Tests Summary of Results for Reversed Cyclic Tests 32 Example of cyclic response and envelope curve 33 Definitions of yield, maximum, and ultimate points, and ductility on a typical envelope curve INITIAL STIFFNESS AND STIFFNESS DEGRADATION 34 the initial stiffness of ECC specimens is significantly higher than that of concrete specimens ranging from 20 to 120% depending on the mixture design The HFA mixture exhibited the highest initial stiffness stiffness increase achieved with ECC for the configuration with 1.29% longitudinal reinforcement is significantly higher when compared to the case with 0.87% reinforcement transverse reinforcement ratio has no significant effect on the initial stiffness or the stiffness degradation of ECC specimens. 35 Stiffness degradation of concrete and ECC mixtures (1.29%reinforcement ratio) 36 comparison of stiffness degradation between monotonic and cyclic tests and concrete and ECC specimens (1.29%reinforcement ratio) STRENGTH AND STRENGTH DEGRADATION the strength of ECC specimens is significantly higher than that of concrete specimens ranging from 43 to 67%, depending on the mixture design
37 38 Envelope curves for concrete and ECC column specimens, 6 bars configuration; 39 comparison of monotonic curves and envelopes from cyclic tests, 4 bars configuration 40 Normalized envelope curves for concrete and ECC specimens,6 bars configuration 41 envelope curves for ECC specimens with different transverse reinforcement ratios ENERGY ABSORPTION CAPACITY The energy absorption capacities of ECC mixtures up to peak are significantly higher compared to concrete ranging from 20 to 220%
42 43 Total energy absorption of concrete and ECC specimens 44 difference in energy absorption of ECC mixtures with respect to concrete STATIC TIME HISTORY TESTS AND HYBRID SIMULATION 45 Summary of Results from Static-Time History (STH) Tests and Hybrid Simulation
46 The initial and final stiffness are calculated by fitting a first-order polynomial to the force displacement response during these small amplitude oscillations. The stiffness is obtained as the slope of this line
the secant stiffness during the static- time history and hybrid tests is calculated at peak displacement
Lateral force resistance versus drift for experimental columns (a) case 3; (b) case 4 CONCLUSIONS Compared to normal concrete, ECC has
High tensile ductility High flexural strength High compression strength Excellent shear capacity High durability High corrosion resistance High impact resistance High initial stiffness
Incorporation of fly ash and slag improves the mechanical properties of ECC
47 CONCLUSIONS cntd ECC has high immunity against severe environmental conditions used as concrete overlay over existing bridge deck Promising engineering material for the construction of protective and defensive structures The non-brittle behaviour of ECC eliminate the collapse of a structure due to shock loading Easy construction of curved structures due to lower reinforcement ratio in ECC