DC Motors

Chapter 5
Objectives
Describe the operating principle of a DC
motor
List the major components of a DC motor
Define common terms relating to DC
motors
Make common calculations for a DC motor
Objectives (contd.)
Describe the operation of the shunt, series,
and compound motors and identify their
characteristics
Reverse the direction of a DC motor
Choose the types of DC motors needed for
specific applications
Principles of Operation
Motor action
Requirements: current flow through conductor
and force on conductor
Left-hand rule
Right-hand rule
FIGURE 5-1 The left-hand rule, showing the
direction of electron flow and the magnetic field
around a conductor
Rotary Motion
Torque
Twisting action
Neutral plane
No interaction between magnetic fields
Commutator
Switching device: changes direction of current
Armature
Commutator and loop
Rotary Motion (contd.)
Commutation
FIGURE 5-7 The operation of a simple DC motor as it rotates 360 degrees
Practical DC Motors
More than four armature loops and
commutator segments are used
Larger number of loops and commutator
segments produce more turning force
Control of the Field Flux
Magnetic flux lines have a tendency to
repel each other
Magnets curved at the ends of the poles
are used
To eliminate bowing
FIGURE 5-10 Flux lines between poles
Counterelectromotive Force
(CEMF)
Also called back EMF
Reduces the current that flows through the
armature
Varies according to:
Physical properties
Strength of magnetic field
Rotational speed of armature
Armature Reaction
Shifting of the neutral plane in direction
opposite armature rotation
Arcing due to armature reaction adversely
affects the motor
Interpoles
FIGURE 5-12 Interpoles
Motor Selection
Characteristics used in selection process
Speed regulation


Torque

Motor Selection (contd.)
Work
Calculated by multiplying distance times force
Power
Describes how rapidly a particular amount of
work is accomplished
Horsepower
Combination of the speed at which the motor
runs and the output torque it exerts
Motor Selection (contd.)
Kilowatt rating of a motor
Wattage:

Motor efficiency
Ratio of the power produced by the output
shaft to the power supplied by the source

Interrelationships
Change in the mechanical load has an
effect on armature current, torque, speed,
and CEMF
Motor is a self-regulating device
With all of the factors balanced, the motor is in
a state of equilibrium
Basic Motor Construction
Two main parts
or assemblies
Armature
Field poles
FIGURE 5-15 Parts of a DC motor
Motor Classifications
Shunt motor
Field winding is connected in parallel
Low torque
Three methods of motor speed control
Open field condition
Reverse polarity of leads to change direction
Series motor
Field winding is connected in series with its
armature; high starting torque
Motor Classifications (contd.)
Compound motor
Has both a series field and a shunt field
Cumulative and differential compound motors
Starting torque between shunt and series
motors
Reversing DC motors
Achieved by changing the direction of electron
flow through the field (or fields) relative to the
electron flow through the armature
Coil Terminal Identification
Shunt field winding: F
1
and F
2
Series field winding: S
1
and S
2
Armature winding: A
1
and A
2
Commutating or interpole winding: C
1
and
C
2