Cell Division: Overview

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Cancer

Cell Division, Mitosis, and
Cancer (Ch. 6 part 1)
Learning Objectives: Overview
Identify the three different types of cell
division and the functions of each
Cell Division: Three Types
Binary fission

Used for asexual reproduction
Mitosis, Meiosis


Asexual reproduction:


Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission

Circular parent
chromosome
Parent cell
divides;
duplicate
chromosomes
separate
Duplicate
chromosomes
Genetically
identical
daughter cells

FUNCTIONS OF MITOSIS
Early human embryo
L
M

C
o
l
o
r
i
z
e
d

T
E
M

Red blood cells
Mitosis produces duplicate cells



Used for many functions in eukaryotes

Sea stars
L
M

Amoeba African Violet
FUNCTIONS OF MITOSIS, continued
Meiosis:


Two
parents
FERTILIZATION
Sperm cell
Offspring
(has mixture
of genes from
2 parents)
Egg cell
Gametes
MEIOSIS
Each gamete
has only half the
parents DNA
Learning Objectives:
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Name the 2 main phases of the cell cycle
and describe the events that occur in each
Distinguish between the terms chromatin,
sister chromatid, centromere, chromosome
List the 4 main stages of mitosis in order,
and describe the events that occur in each
Distinguish mitosis from cytokinesis
G
1
S
G
2

M
The Cell Cycle regulates the
growth and mitotic division
of eukaryotic cells
Interphase:



Mitotic (M)
phase:


During Interphase, eukaryotic DNA
is in the form of chromatin
Threadlike, indistinct under light microscope


Proteins
DNA
molecule
Chromatin
Chromatin DNA
is wrapped
around proteins
DNA replication during Interphase
produces identical sister chromatids
one DNA molecule

two identical DNA molecules
(= )
The chromatids stay
joined together at the:

replication
one chromosome
Still have only one
chromosome!
The M Phase includes two distinct
events: mitosis & cytokinesis
Mitosis:


4 subphases
G
2

M
Cytokinesis:


Duplicated chromosome
(sister chromatids
joined at centromere) T
E
M

Coiled fiber
Looped regions
Centromere
DNA in
condensed form
DNA in form
of chromatin
During the
M phase, the
chromosomes
are condensed
and visible
Distinct chromosomes
seen during cell division
L
M

DNA in form of chromatin
Mitosis begins with Prophase

Nuclear
envelope
Plasma
membrane
Chromosome consisting
of two sister chromatids
Spindle
microtubules
Fragments of
nuclear envelope
centrosome
Centromere
centrosomes
Chromatin
PROPHASE INTERPHASE
1)

2)
3)
Mitotic spindle: cage of
microtubules radiating
from centrosomes at
opposite poles of cell
Metaphase and Anaphase ensure an
orderly division of chromosomes
Anaphase:






ANAPHASE METAPHASE
Spindle Daughter chromosomes

Metaphase:



Spindle fibers aid chromosome movements
sister
chromatids
Telophase is the last stage of Mitosis
and overlaps with Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis: two new daughter cells formed through
division of cytoplasm and other organelles
Telophase:
1)

2)


3)
Cleavage
furrow
Nuclear
envelope
forming
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DD3IQknC
Edc&feature=related

http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha
pter2/animation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.ht
ml
Learning Objectives: Cancer
Define cancer, and explain how cancer is
related to the cell cycle and mutations
Explain how age and inherited cancer
genes increase a persons cancer risk
Describe several ways in which personal
habits and individual choices can affect a
persons risk of developing cancers
Explain why chemotherapy often has
unpleasant side effects
Cancer


Leading causes of
death in the U.S.:
1. Heart disease (25%)
2. Cancer (23%)
Lifetime risk of cancer (U.S.):
Uncontrolled cell
division produces
tumors that can disrupt
vital organ functions
Cancer usually involves mutations in
genes that:
Non-functional
protein
Cell division
under control
Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)
Normal regulator
protein
Cell division not
under control
Normal cell growth
Gene for regulator protein Mutated gene
Conversion to a cancerous cell
usually requires multiple mutations
Explains:

1
mutation
Normal cell Cancerous cell
4
mutations
3
mutations
2
mutations
Chromosomes
New cancer diagnoses per year (U.S.):
Age 50+ : 15 per 1000 people
Age <50 : 1 per 1000 people
Inherited cancer genes


1
mutation
Gamete-
producing
cell (normal)
Chromosomes
gamete
(e.g., egg cell)
All cells in offspring
will have the mutation






Many environmental and lifestyle
factors increase cancer risk
Carcinogens
UV and other high-energy radiation
Tobacco chemicals
Alcohol (liver cancer)
Viruses
Disrupt cell cycle regulator
genes or proteins


Many cancer treatments act to
inhibit cell division
Side effects of
chemotherapy



hair root cells
cells lining
digestive tract
bone marrow cells
(give rise to red and
white blood cells)