SUBMITTED BY

Inderpreet Singh
Roll no. 7042

It all started like this

First telephone (photophone) Alexander Bell,

1880
The first car mounted radio
telephone 1921

Going further
1946 First commercial mobile radio-telephone
service by Bell and AT&T in Saint Louis, USA.
Half duplex(PTT)
1973 First handheld cellular phone
Motorola.
First cellular net
Bahrein 1978

But whats cellular?

MSC

BS

PSTN

HLR, VLR,
AC, EIR

Cellular principles
Frequency reuse same
frequency in
many cell sites
Cellular expansion easy
to add new cells
Handover moving
between cells
Roaming between
networks

CDMA

CDMA = code division

multiple access
CDMA is a spread-spectrum
technology that allows multiple
frequencies to be used
simultaneously by coding every
digital packet it sends with a
unique key. A CDMA receiver
responds only to that key and
can pick out and demodulate
the associated signal.

CDMA cont.

Operates in the 800MHz band and 1.9GHz PCS

(Personal Communications Services) band
Uses a 1.25 MHz bandwidth
CDMA is widely used in N. America and is
expected to be the 3G technology for GSM
CDMA phones are noted for their excellent call
quality and long battery life.

W-CDMA

W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access
Provides a higher capacity for voice and data at
higher data rates than CDMA
Uses a 5 MHz carrier (4 times that of CDMA)
Higher data rate than both GSM and GPRS (up
to 2 Mbps)
W-CDMA is considered a 3G technology

GSM
GSM

= global system for

mobile communication
Digital TDMA system now
(2G), 3G expected to be WCDMA
Phones use SIM (System
Identity Module) cards
containing user account
information
provides

a short messaging
service (SMS) that enables
text messages up to 160
characters in length

More than 800 million end users in 190 countries

and representing over 70% of today's digital
wireless market.

source: GSM Association

Israel
Orange uses GSM
Pelephone and Cellcom are about to use GSM

GSM Overview

Into the architecture

Mobile phone is
identified by SIM card.
Key feature of the GSM
Has the secret for
authentication

GSM specs

frequency bandThe frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990

MHz (mobile station to base station).
duplex distanceThe duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the
distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two
frequencies, 80 MHz apart.
channel separationThe separation between adjacent carrier frequencies.
In GSM, this is 200 kHz.
modulationModulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian
minimum shift keying (GMSK).
transmission rateGSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of
270 kbps.
access methodGSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA)
concept. TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the
same carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot.

GPRS

GPRS = General Packet

Radio Service
enhancement to the
GSM mobile
communications system
that supports data
packets
Allows for continuous
flows of data packets for
web browsing and file
transfer

More GSM

GSM comes in three flavors(frequency bands):

900, 1800, 1900 MHz. 900 is the Orange flavour
in Israel.
Voice is digitized using Full-Rate coding.
20 ms sample => 260 bits . 13 Kbps bitrate

Sharing

GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to let everybody

talk.
FDMA: 25MHz freq. is divided into 124 carrier
frequencies. Each base station gets few of those.
TDMA: Each carrier frequency is divided into
bursts [0.577 ms]. 8 bursts are a frame.

Channels

The physical channel in GSM is the timeslot.

The logical channel is the information which
goes through the physical ch.
Both user data and signaling are logical channels.

Wireless Generations

1G: Analog (1970s-1980s)

2G: Digital (1990s)

GSM, TDMA, CDMA

Mostly for voice, although GSM uses SMS text messaging

2G+: Digital (ongoing)

AMPS, TACS, NMT

Voice

GPRS, EDGE, IS-95B, HDR

Packet data enhancements, improved data rates

3G: now

UMTS, CDMA2000
High-speed multimedia data and voice
Goals of global roaming and high-quality audio and video

FUTURE POTENTIAL

Acknowledgements

http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/gsm/
http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/tdma/
http://www.techweb.com
http://www.gsmworld.com
http://www.ericsson.com/technology/tech_arti
cles/WCDMA.shtml