OVERVIEW

 What is RAID?

 Benefits of RAID

 Concepts of RAID

 RAID Levels

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 RAID AND ITS BENEFITS

 What is RAID?

 RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array

of inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the same data in different
places (thus, redundantly) on multiple hard disks.

 Benefits OF RAID
 Improved Performance
 High Availability
 Fault Tolerance

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 RAID CONCEPTS

 STRIPING

 MIRRORING

 PARITY

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 RAID Concepts(Striping)

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 Raid Concepts (Mirroring)

 All data in the system is written simultaneously to two hard disks

instead of one; thus the "mirror" concept .

 100% data redundancy which provides full protection against the

failure of either of the disks containing the duplicated data.

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 RAID Concepts(Parity)

 Parity is redundancy information calculated from the actual

data values.

 take "N" pieces of data, and from them, compute an extra piece of
data. Take the "N+1" pieces of data and store them on "N+1"
drives. If you lose any one of the "N+1" pieces of data, you can
recreate it from the "N" that remain, regardless of which piece is
lost.

 The parity calculation is typically performed using a logical

operation called "exclusive OR" or "XOR".

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 RAID LEVELS

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 RAID: Level 0 (No Redundancy; Striping)

 Multiple smaller disks as opposed to one big disk

 Spreading the blocks over multiple disks – striping – means that
multiple blocks can be accessed in parallel increasing the
performance .
A 3 disk system gives 3 times the throughput of a 1 disk system
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 RAID: Level 0 (No Redundancy; Striping)

 No redundancy, so what if one disk fails?

 Failure of one or more disks results in data loss.

 RECOMMENDED APPLICATIONS

 Video Production and Editing

 Image Editing
 Any application requiring high bandwidth

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 RAID: Level 1 (Redundancy via Mirroring)

 Uses twice as many disks as RAID 0 (e.g., 8 smaller disks

with second set of 4 duplicating the first set) so there are
always two copies of the data
 # redundant disks = # of data disks so twice the cost of one big disk

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 RAID: Level 1 (Redundancy via Mirroring)

 What if one disk fails?

 If a disk fails, the system just goes to the “mirror” for the data

 Recommended Application

 Accounting

 Payroll

 Financial

 Any application requiring very high availability

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 RAID: Level 2 (Redundancy via ECC)
Checks Checks Checks
blk1,b0 blk1,b1 blk1,b2 blk1,b3 4,5,6,7 2,3,6,7 1,3,5,7

1 0 1 0 1 0 1
3 5 6 0 7 4 2 1
ECC disks
ECC disks 4 and 2 point to either data disk 6 or 7,
but ECC disk 1 says disk 7 is okay, so disk 6 must be in error
 ECC disks contain the parity of data on a set of distinct
overlapping disks
● # redundant disks = log (total # of data disks) so almost twice the
cost of one big disk
- writes require computing parity to write to the ECC disks
- reads require reading ECC disk and confirming parity
 Can tolerate limited disk failure, since the data can be
reconstructed

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 RAID: Level 3 (Bit-Interleaved Parity)
blk1,b0 blk1,b1 blk1,b2 blk1,b3

1 0 1 0
(odd)
bit parity disk
 On RAID 3 systems, data blocks are subdivided (striped)
and written in parallel on two or more drives. An
additional drive stores parity information. You need at
least 3 disks for a RAID 3 array.
 writes require writing the new data to the data disk as well as computing
the parity, meaning reading the other disks, so that the parity disk can be
updated
 Can tolerate limited disk failure, since the data can be
reconstructed
reads require reading all the operational data disks as well as the
parity disk to calculate the missing data that was stored on the failed
disk
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 RAID: Level 3 (Bit-Interleaved Parity)
blk1,b0 blk1,b1 blk1,b2 blk1,b3

1 0 1 0 1
(odd)
disk fails bit parity disk
 On RAID 3 systems, data blocks are subdivided (striped)
and written in parallel on two or more drives. An additional
drive stores parity information. You need at least 3 disks
for a RAID 3 array.
writes require writing the new data to the data disk as well as
computing the parity, meaning reading the other disks, so that the
parity disk can be updated
 Can tolerate limited disk failure, since the data can be
reconstructed
reads require reading all the operational data disks as well as the
parity disk to calculate the missing data that was stored on the failed
disk
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 RAID: Level 3 (Bit-Interleaved Parity)
 Recommended Applications

 Video Production and live streaming

 Image Editing

 Video Editing

 Any application requiring high throughput

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 RAID: Level 4 (Block-Interleaved Parity)

 RAID 4 improves performance by striping data across

many disks in blocks, and provides fault tolerance through
a dedicated parity disk.

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 RAID: Level 4 (Block-Interleaved Parity)

 It is like RAID 3 except that it uses blocks instead of bytes

for striping
 Supports “small reads” and “small writes” (reads and writes that go
to just one (or a few) data disk)
by watching which bits change when writing new information, need only
to change the corresponding bits on the parity disk
the parity disk must be updated on every write, so it is a bottleneck for
back-to-back writes
 Can tolerate limited disk failure, since the data can be
reconstructed

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 Small Writes
 RAID 3 small writes
New D1 data

D1 D2 D3 D4 P

⊕
3 reads and
2 writes
involving all D1 D2 D3 D4 P
the disks

 RAID 4 small writes

New D1 data

D1 D2 D3 D4 P

⊕
2 reads and ⊕
2 writes
involving just
D1 D2 D3 D4 P
two disks
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 RAID: Level 5 (Distributed Block-Interleaved
Parity)

 Parity is distributed across the disks

 Supports “small reads” and “small writes” (reads and writes that
go to just one (or a few) data disk)
 Allows multiple simultaneous writes as long as the accompanying
parity blocks are not located on the same disk
 Can tolerate limited disk failure, since the data can be
reconstructed
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 RAID: Level 5 (Distributed Block-Interleaved
Parity)

 Recommended Applications

 File and Application servers

 Database servers

 Web, E-mail, and News servers

 Intranet servers

 Most versatile RAID level

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 Distributing Parity Blocks
RAID 4 RAID 5

1 2 3 4 P0 1 2 3 4 P0

5 6 7 8 P1 5 6 7 P1 8

9 10 11 12 P2 9 10 P2 11 12

13 14 15 16 P3 13 P3 14 15 16

 By distributing parity blocks to all disks, some small writes

can be performed in parallel

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 Raid : Level 6

 RAID level 6 is an evolution of RAID 5. RAID 6 uses

double parity for additional fault tolerance.
 Like in RAID 5, data is striped at a block level across the
disk sets while parity information is generated and written
across the array. Now it's possible for more than one drive
to fail simultaneously, and the RAID will still operate.
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 RAID: Level 6
 Advantages
 Perfect solution for mission critical applications as it can sustain
multiple drive failures .
 Disadvantages
 Uses 2 drives for parity
 Recommended Applications
 Database server
 Mail server
 Web server
 Intranet server
 Transaction processing

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 RAID: Level 0+1 (Striping with Mirroring)

blk1 blk2 blk3 blk4 blk1 blk2 blk3 blk4

redundant (check) data

 Combines the best of RAID 0 and RAID 1, data is striped

across four disks and mirrored to four disks

 Four times the throughput (due to striping)

 # redundant disks = # of data disks so twice the cost of one big disk

writes have to be made to both sets of disks, so writes would be only 1/2
the performance of RAID 0

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 RAID: Level 0+1 (Striping with Mirroring)

 What if one disk fails?

 If a disk fails, the system just goes to the “mirror” for the data

 Recommended Applications

 Imaging applications

 General fileserver

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 RAID: Level 1+0 (Mirroring with Striping)

 RAID Level 10 provides very high performance and

redundancy.
 Data is simultaneously mirrored and striped.
 Can under circumstances support multiple drive failures.

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 THANK YOU

Queries?

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