Overview

PREVIEW
In this second part of the course we:
• revisit the concept of heat, and define its units
• describe what is meant by sensible heat, and latent heat
• discuss phase changes and phase diagrams
• define specific heat capacity, and latent heat capacity
• discuss calorimetry: an experimental technique to measure
thermal constants such as the specific heat capacity
• discuss differences and characteristics of the three methods
of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation
• describe practical and environmental applications of heat
transfer, including the greenhouse effect
 2.1 Units of Heat
Objectives are to:
• define and distinguish between various units of heat
• define the mechanical equivalent of heat
• discuss everyday examples to illustrate these concepts
Units of Heat
 Units of Heat
• Heat is energy in transit, and is measured in energy units.
• The SI unit is the joule (J), or Newton-metre (Nm).
• Historically, heat was measured in terms of the ability to raise
the temperature of water.
• The kilocalorie (kcal), or Calorie (Cal), or “big calorie”: amount
of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogramme of water
by 1 C0 (from 14.50C to 15.50C)
• The calorie, or “little calorie”: amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of 1 gramme of water by 1 C0 (from 14.50C to
15.50C)
• In industry, the British thermal unit (Btu) is still used: amount of
heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 F0
(from 630F to 640F)
 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

Joule demonstrated that water

can be heated by doing
(mechanical) work, and showed
that for every 4186 J of work
done, the temperature of water
rose by 1C0 per kg.
 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat

• Conversion between different units of heat:

1 cal = 10-3 kcal = 3.969 x 10-3 Btu = 4.186 J

1 Cal = 1 kcal=4186 J
 2.2 Sensible Heat
Objectives are to:
• describe what is meant by 'sensible heat‘
• define specific heat
• explain how the specific heat capacities of materials are
obtained using calorimetry
 Specific Heat Capacity
• Sensible heat is associated with a temperature
change (can be “sensed”)
• Different substances have different molecular
configurations and bonding  temperature change
not generally the same for equal amounts of heat
• Specific heat capacity, c: amount of energy needed
to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by
1K
Calorimeters
Calorimeters (contd.)
 Calorimetry:
An Exercise in Bookkeeping
 Calorimetry:
Finding Specific Heats
Calorimetry: Specific Heat
Calorimetry: Mixtures
 Water:
Specific Heat Capacities and Latent Heats
Water: Warming Curve
Water: Example Problem
 2.3 Latent Heat
Objectives are to:
• Describe what is meant by ‘latent heat‘
• Compare and contrast the 3 phases of matter
• Relate latent heat to phase changes
 Phases of Matter
• Heat required for phase changes:
– Vaporization: liquid  vapour
– Melting: liquid  solid
– Sublimation: solid  vapour
• Heat released by phase changes:
– Condensation: vapour  liquid
– Fusion: liquid  solid
– Deposition: vapour  solid
Phases of Matter
Latent Heat
Phase Diagrams
 Phase Diagrams

• Visual representation of phase changes

• Triple point: point at which all three phases
coexist
• Curves branching out from this point
separate phase regions:
– Fusion curve: solid-liquid boundary
– Vaporization curve: liquid-gas boundary
– Sublimation curve: solid-gas boundary
Phase Diagram: Water
Phase Diagram: Carbon Dioxide
 2.4 Methods of Heat Transfer
Objectives are to:
• describe the three methods of heat transfer
• Give practical/environmental examples of each
Thermal Conduction
Q ∆T
= kA
∆t d
Convection
 Radiation
• Heat transfer by electromagnetic waves
• Does not need a material medium
• Black body: perfect absorber  perfect
emitter (at all wavelengths)

Pr = σ Aε T 4
Pa = σ Aε Tenv 4

Pnet = Pa − Pr = σ Aε ( Tenv − T
4 4
)
Radiation
Convection
Convection
at
Home
Convection
Greenhouse
Effect
Greenhouse
Effect
 Heat
Transfer
Radiation