Matakuliah : T0732 / Sistem Multimedia

Tahun : 2007

Video
Pertemuan 7
 Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan
mampu :
• Menunjukkan Penggunaan Video pada Aplikasi
Multimedia

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 Outline Materi
• Different Kind of Movies
• Analogue Video
• Digital Video
• Compression Technique
• Broadcast Video Standards
• Digital Video Format
• Using Digital Video

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 Different Kind of Movies

Movies from Film

Analog Video

Digital Video

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 Movie From Film
• Sequential image frames are recorded on film
using a light sensitive technology similar to still
photography.

• Film must be chemically developed

• Editing requires physically cutting and splicing

the film

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 Analogue video
• Video information that is stored using television video signals, film,
videotape or other non-computer media

• Each frame is represented by a fluctuating voltage signal known as an

analogue wave form or composite video.

• Composite analogue video has all the video components: brightness,

colour and synchronization

• Then, combined into one signal for delivery

• Usage : television

• Problems: colour blending, low clarity, high generation lost, difficult to

edit
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 Digital Video
• Digital video is the digitisation of analogue video signals
into numerical format

• It creates the illusion of full motion by displaying a rapid

sequence of changing images on a display device.

• Conversion from analogue to digital format requires the

use on an ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter)

• A Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC) can be used to

output digital video on analogue equipment

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 File Size Considerations
• Several elements determine the file size, in additional to the length
of the video. These including:
– Frame rate
• Number of images displayed within a specified amount of time to convey a
sense of motion
• Usually measured in frames per second
• Standard video movie  30 fps, movie film  24 fps
• Video digital  at least 15 fps
– Frame or Image size
• The width and height of each individual frame or image
• Determines the quality of the image displayed and the processing involved
to display that image
• Standard full screen resolution is 640x480 pixels
• Video screen display is one fourth the size of the full window screen
(320x240)
– Color depth/Resolution
• Number of colors displayed on the screen at one time
• Ranging from 1 bit to 8 bit, 16 or 24 bit per pixel
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 File Size Considerations
• Quality directly related to frame size, image size and color depth.

• Quality also depends on content. Motion picture needs higher frame

rate

File size = Frame Size x Frame Rate x Color Depth x Time

• Where:
– Frame size = image size ( width x height in pixels)
– Frame rate = frames per second
– Color depth = measured in bytes
– Time = time in seconds

This does not include any sound data !

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 Compression techniques
• Since the size of raw digital video is so prohibitively large we need some
means to compress the information

• Video compression and decompression program, known as Codecs

• Lossy compression techniques cause some information to be lost from the

original image
– Redundant information
– Example: Image and video
• JPEG and MPEG
• Intraframe and Interframe

• Lossless compression techniques do not lose information throughout the

compression and decompression process
– Example use in text images
• Exactly same before and after compression
• Technique is identify repeating words and assign them a code.
• Decompression, the code would be changed back to the actual word.

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 Digital video editing
• Analogue tape editing is a linear process
– To find the section you want, you may have to forward or rewind
the video tape
– To move a section to another place in the sequence you have to
either re-record the section onto another tape or physically cut
and splice the video tape

• Digital video editing can be non-linear process

– You can move sections around inside the computer and play
those sections back in any order

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 Broadcast Video Standards
• NTSC • SECAM
– North America, South – France, Russia
America, Japan – 625 interlaced resolution
– 525 interlaced resolution lines lines
– 30 frames per second (fps) – 25 frames per second (fps)

• PAL (Phase Alternate Line) • HDTV

– Australia, South Africa, – Six different formats
Europe – Aspect ratio is 16:9
– 625 interlaced resolution lines
– 25 frames per second (fps)

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 Overscan

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 Digital Video File Formats
• .MOV signifies Quicktime, an Apple standard. It is playable
on Macintosh and Windows machines.
• .AVI is a Microsoft standard that is playable on Windows
and Macintosh machines.
• .MPEG (.MPG) is playable on Unix and Windows
machines. Macintoshes can play MPEG, but may have
trouble with the audio track.
• .RM files are used by RealNetworks streaming. They are
playable on Windows, MacOS, and Unix computers.
• .ASF files are a Microsoft streaming format, and play on
Windows, MacOS, and Solaris.
• .WMV files are a Microsoft format used in Microsoft
MovieMaker
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 MPEG video
• Named after the Moving Picture Experts Group who
devised the compression and file formats
• There are a number of MPEG formats:
– MPEG-2 is used for digital TV broadcasts and DVDs
– MPEG-1 is a format used for low quality video (generally
displayed on computers)
• MPEG-1 Layer 3 is the popular encoding mechanism for MP3 audio
files (more on this later in this course)
– MPEG-4 is a new format for multimedia presentations
• Can require separate hardware to decode higher quality
MPEG video data

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 MPEG compression example

A simple scene showing a car

moving across a desert landscape

Only the difference

between the current
and next frame needs
to be stored

This is called intraframe coding

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 QuickTime
• Developed by Apple, Inc.

• Primarily for playback without

any hardware assistance

• Can achieve compression

ratios of 25 to 200:1
• The QuickTime format can
also store audio, graphics, 3D
and text making it more much
versatile for multimedia
applications
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 Microsoft AVI
• Audio Video Interleave format
• Interleaving is a technique used to embed two or more
things into the same stream of information
• In every chunk of information you will find some video
data and some audio data

001001010010010101010011110101...
8, 16 001001010010010101010011110101... Video
or 24 ... information
bits 001001010010010101010011110101...
Audio
001001010010010101010011110101...
information

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 Consumer desktop video
• Typified by the Apple iMac DV computer
• IEEE 1394 or FireWire interface
• Digital camcorders

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 How Video can be used effectively
• Showing physical procedures. Some uses are:
– Installing a board in a PC
– Adjusting engine timing

• Attracting and holding attention. Some uses are:

– Advertising products and services
– Teaching new skills to busy employees

• Presenting scenarios. Some uses are:

– Training technicians to respond to equipment malfunctions
– Demonstrating possible uses for a product

• Analyzing motion . Some uses are:

– Body motion to improve athletic performance
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 Advantages and Disadvantages of using video
• Carefully planned, well-executed video clips can make a dramatic
difference in a multimedia project

• Use video only when all other methods (text, still images) are not
enough; don’t use it just because it’s possible

• Video adds visual impact to multimedia applications:

– Advantages
• Captures interest
• Increase retention
• Clarifies complex physical actions and relationships
• Can incorporate other media
– Disadvantages
• Is expensive to produce
• Requires extensive memory and storage
• Requires special equipment
• Does not effectively illustrate abstract concepts and static situations
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