Chapter 11, The Mole

Objectives: The student will be able to:

compare and contrast the mole concept and the concept of dozen;
convert moles into numbers of particle and the reverse;

relate the mass of an atom to the mass of a mole of atoms;

apply conversion factor concepts to problems related to mass and moles;
analyze a chemical formula for the molar ratios present;
determine the molar mass of a compound;
solve problems using numbers of particles, mass and moles;
compare and contrast concepts of percent composition and chemical formula;
compare and contrast empirical formula and molecular formula.
1

One mole is 6.0221367X1023 particles of any substance.

Only atomic scale particles should use the mole concept!
These particles include: atoms, ions, molecules and formula units.
1 mole of Au atoms = 6.022X1023 atoms of Au
1 mole of Na+1 ions = 6.022X1023 ions of Na
1 mole of CO2 molecules = 6.022A. X1023 molecules of CO2

1 mole of NaCl formula units = 6.022X1023 formula units of NaCl

Remember that the term molecules is used for covalent compounds
and the term formula units is used for ionic compounds.
2

Using the mole concept is very much like using dozen.

How many eggs are in 3.5 dozen eggs?
Equivalence statement:

3.5 dozen eggs

1 dozen eggs = 12 eggs

)(

12 eggs

1 dozen

= 42 eggs

How many Mg atoms are in 3.5 moles of Mg?

Equivalence statement: 1 mole Mg = 6.022X1023 Mg atoms

)(

3.5 mole Mg

6.022X1023 Mg atoms
1 mole Mg

= 2.1X1024 Mg atoms
3

How many moles of Cl2 do you have if you have 3.423X1022 molecules of Cl2?
1 mole of Cl2 = 6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2

)(

3.423X1022 molecules Cl2

1 mole Cl2

6.022X1023 molecules Cl2

5.684X10-2 mol Cl2

0.05684 mol Cl2

or

6.022X1023 is known as Avogadros Number

Avogadros number can be used as a conversion factor just like
those used in chapter 2.

All equivalence statements can be used to make two different conversion factors.
1 mole of Cl2 = 6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2
Dividing both sides of the equation by 1 mole of Cl2 would give:
1 mole of Cl2
1 mole of Cl2
6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2

1 mole of Cl2

6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2

1 mole of Cl2
This is a conversion factor that would convert
from moles of Cl2 to molecules of Cl2

Dividing both sides by 6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2 would give:

1 mole of Cl2
23

6.022X10 molecules of Cl2

1 mole of Cl2
6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2

6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2

6.022X1023 molecules of Cl2

This is a conversion factor that would convert

from molecules of Cl2 to moles of Cl2
5

Since a mole is such a large number of things, it really should only be used
with very small particles. These particles are called representative particles.
Representative Particles include: atoms, molecules, ions, and formula units.
1 mole of atoms = 6.022X1023 atoms
1 mole of molecules = 6.022X1023 molecules
1 mole of ions = 6.022X1023 ions
1 mole of formula units = 6.022X1023 formula units
Since we usually know what type of representative particles are being used,
we often do not write the words: atoms, molecules, ions, and formula units,
but we should remember that they are implied!.
1 mole of Ne = 6.022X1023 Ne

Element, so atoms

1 mole of H2O = 6.022X1023 H2O

Covalent, so molecules

1 mole of Ba+2 = 6.022X1023 Ba+2

Ion, so ions

1 mole of NaCl = 6.022X1023 NaCl

Ionic, so formula units

A large number of small things is very difficult to count by hand.

Lets say that 100 jelly beans

has a mass of 235.32 g

Imagine a dump truck full of jelly beans. How long might it

take you to count them all by hand and how many mistakes
would you make?
A faster way to count them would be to measure the mass of
100 jelly beans and then measure the mass of all the jelly beans
in the truck.
7

How many jelly beans are in a dump truck if the mass of jelly
beans in the truck is 4.532 X104 kg?
Remember that

100 jelly beans = 235.32 g

)(

4.532X104 kg jelly beans

)(

1000 g jelly beans

1 kg jelly beans

100 jelly beans

235.32 g jelly beans

= 1.926X107 jelly beans

or
= 19,260,000 jelly beans
This method is called counting by weighing and it is how we
count large numbers of atoms, molecules, ions, and formula units.
8

When we count atoms by weighing, we need to know how

much one mole of atoms weighs.
molar mass is the mass in grams of 1 mole of a pure substance

For elements, the molar mass is the same as the atomic mass
expressed in grams. Remember that atomic mass is given on the periodic table.
Example: the atomic mass of Carbon is 12.011 amu
So

1 mole C = 12.011 g C

If we have 12.011 g of carbon we have 1 mole of C which

means we have 6.022X1023 atoms of C.
9

How many grams C are in 0.382 mol C?

1 mole C = 12.011 g C

)(

0.382 mol C

12.011 g C
1 mol C

= 4.58 g C

How many moles C are in 42.573 g C?

1 mole C = 12.011 g C

42.573 g C

)(

1 mole C
12.011 g C atoms

= 3.5445 mol C
10

Avogadros number is the link between number of particles and moles.

Molar mass is the link between mass in grams and moles.
If we are given mass in grams, we can calculate the number of particles of a
substance that are present.

Mass in g

)(

)(

atomic mass in g

1 mol

Avogadros Number

6.022X1023 atoms
1 mol

= number of
atoms

Molar mass

11

The same type of problem can be worked in reverse as well.

If we are given number of particles of a substance that are present, we can
calculate the mass in grams.

)(

1 mol

6.022X1023 atoms

number of
atoms

)(

Molar mass

atomic mass in g

1 mol

= Mass in g

Avogadros Number

12

Notice the similarities and differences between these two related problems.

Mass in g

)(

)(

atomic mass in g

1 mol

Avogadros Number

6.022X1023 atoms
1 mol

= number of
atoms

Molar mass

)(

1 mol
6.022X1023 atoms

number of
atoms

Avogadros Number

)(

Molar mass

atomic mass in g

1 mol

= Mass in g

13

How many grams Xe are 2.52X1025 atoms of Xe?

1 mole of Xe = 6.022X1023 atoms Xe

1 mole Xe = 131.3 g Xe

)(

2.52X1025 atoms Xe

1 mol Xe
6.022X1023 atoms Xe

)(

131.3 g Xe
1 mol Xe

= 5,490 g Xe
How many atoms Xe are contained in 42.5 g Xe?
1 mole of Xe = 6.022X1023 atoms Xe

1 mole Xe = 131.3 g Xe

)(

42.5 g Xe

1 mol Xe
131.3 g Xe

)(

6.022X1023 atoms Xe

1 mol Xe
=

1.95X1023 atoms Xe
14

Moles and chemical formulas

If we have 10 molecules of P2O5
How many P atoms are present?

How many O atoms are present?

We can create molecule ratios from the chemical formula to help us

solve these problems.

(
(

2 atoms P
1 molecule P2O5
5 atoms O
1 molecule P2O5

)
)

This is what we use to convert from

molecules of P2O5 to atoms of P

In a similar fashion, this is what we use to

convert from molecules of P2O5 to atoms of O

What if we have 0.2 moles of P2O5?

15

What if we have 0.2 moles of P2O5?

We could change the language.
Now we can write mole ratios from the formula.

2 moles P
1 mole P2O5

This mole ratio converts from moles of P2O5

to moles of P atoms

5 moles O
1 mole P2O5

In a similar fashion, this mole ratio converts from

moles of P2O5 to moles of O atoms

Mole ratios of this type can be written for any formula!

16

Mole ratios from formulas can be used as conversion factors!

Assume we have 1.0 mole of K2SO4
How many moles of K+1 ions are present?
How many moles of SO4-2 ions are present?

2 mol K+1

1 mole K2SO4

1 mol SO4-2

1 mole K2SO4

If we have 0.381 mole of K2SO4, how many moles of K+1 ions do we have?

)(

0.381 mole K2SO4

2 mol K+1

1 mole K2SO4

= 0.762 mol K+1

17

If we have 0.50 mole of C5H7Cl3

How many moles of C atoms are present?
How many moles of H atoms are present?
How many moles of Cl atoms are present?

) (
(
)(
(
)(
(
)(

) (
)
)
)

5 mol C

7 mol H

1 mole C5H7Cl3

1 mole C5H7Cl3

0.50 mole C5H7Cl3

0.50 mole C5H7Cl3

0.50 mole C5H7Cl3

5 mol C

1 mole C5H7Cl3
7 mol H

1 mole C5H7Cl3
3 mol Cl

1 mole C5H7Cl3

3 mol Cl

1 mole C5H7Cl3

= 2.5 mol C atoms

= 3.5 mol H atoms
= 1.5 mol Cl atoms
18

The atomic mass from the periodic table is the mass in grams of
one mole of the element.
When we have a compound, we can find the molar mass of the
compound by adding up the atomic masses for each atom present in the
compound.
For example, H2O one mole of H2O has 2 moles of H and one mole of O in it.
Therefore the molar mass of H2O is:

(2)*(1.008 g/mol)
+ (1)*(16.00 g/mol)
=

18.02 g/mol

18.02 g/mol is the molar mass of water

19

What would be the molar mass of C5H7Cl3?

1 mole of C5H7Cl3 contains 5 mol C, 7 mol H and 3 mol Cl
1 mol C = 12.01 g C
1 mol H = 1.008 g H
1 mol Cl = 35.45 g Cl

12.01 g X 5 = 60.05 g
1.008 g X 7 = 7.056 g
35.45 g X 3 = 106.4 g

60.05 g

+
7.056 g
+
106.4 g

173.5 g

So, 1 mole of C5H7Cl3 = 173.5 g C5H7Cl3

173.5 g is the molar mass of C5H7Cl3
This is also written as 173.5 g/mol

Molar Mass is used as a conversion factor in many problems!

20

How many moles of C5H7Cl3 do we have if we have 37.32 g of C5H7Cl3?

Molar mass definition:

)(

37.32 g C5H7Cl3

1 mole C5H7Cl3

173.5 g C5H7Cl3

1 mole of C5H7Cl3 = 173.5 g C5H7Cl3

= 0.2152 mol C5H7Cl3

Molar mass (shown in conversion factor form

converting from grams to moles)

21

How many grams of C5H7Cl3 do we have if we have 0.725 mol of C5H7Cl3?

Molar mass definition:

)(

0.725 mol C5H7Cl3

173.5 g C5H7Cl3
1 mole C5H7Cl3

1 mole of C5H7Cl3 = 173.5 g C5H7Cl3

= 126 g C5H7Cl3

Molar mass (shown in conversion factor form

converting from moles to grams)

22

Look at the similarities and differences in how the same molar mass can be used.

)(

37.32 g C5H7Cl3

173.5 g C5H7Cl3

1 mole C5H7Cl3

= 0.2152 mol C5H7Cl3

Molar mass (shown in conversion factor form

converting from grams to moles)

)(

1 mole C5H7Cl3

0.725 mol C5H7Cl3

173.5 g C5H7Cl3

= 126 g C5H7Cl3

Molar mass (shown in conversion factor form

converting from moles to grams)
23

Practice problem 31 on page 326.

A 25.8 g sample of Ag2CrO4 is used in this problem.
a) How many silver ions are in the sample?
The thought process is: mass of sample to moles of sample to moles
of silver ions to number of silver ions.
In order to do this we need three equivalence statements:
1 mole of Ag2CrO4 = 331.8 g of Ag2CrO4

this was calculated from

masses in the periodic table

2 mole of Ag = 1mole of Ag2CrO4

1 mole of Ag+ = 6.022X1023 ions Ag+

)(

25.8 g Ag2CrO4

)(

)(

1 mole Ag2CrO4

2 mole Ag+

331.8 g Ag2CrO4

1 mole Ag2CrO4

6.022X1023 ions
1 mole Ag+

= 9.37X1022 Ag+ ions

24

Practice Problem 33b is like 33a. Part of 33c needed to be completed in

order to do 33a or b.
33 c) What is the mass in grams of 1 formula unit of Ag2CrO4?
We get this by dividing the mass of one mole of Ag2CrO4 by the number
of formula units in 1 mole of Ag2CrO4 (Avogadro's number).
Ag2CrO4 has what molar mass?

Ag
Cr
O

107.9 g/mol X 2 mol = 215.8 g

52.00 g/mol X 1 mol = 52.00 g
16.00 g/mol X 4 mol = 64.00 g

215.8 g
52.00 g
64.00 g

+
+

331.8 g in 1 mol Ag2CrO4

this is used in 33a and 33b

)(

331.8 g Ag2CrO4
1 mole Ag2CrO4

1 mole Ag2CrO4
6.022X1023 Ag2CrO4

= 5.510X10-22 g/formula unit of Ag2CrO4

25

Percent Composition: H2O

2H

2X(1.008 g) = 2.016 g H

1X(16.00 g) = 16.00 g O
1 mole H2O = 18.02 g
%H =
%O =

(
(

2.016 g H

)
)

18.02 g H2O
16.00 g O

18.02 g H2O

X 100 = 11.19 % H
X 100 = 88.79 % O

Mass of element in 1 mole of compound

Mass of 1 mole of compound

X 100 = % by mass of
the element
26

Percent Composition: The mass percent of each element present in a compound

is called the percent composition.
Percent composition can be determined from the formula of a compound as
in the example for water on the previous slide or it can be measured by
analytical chemists in a laboratory as in the example below.
A chemist analyzes 0.25000 g of a salt and obtains the following results:
the sample contained 0.09835 g Na and 0.15163 g Cl
What is the percent composition of the salt?

(
(

0.09835 g Na

% Na = 0.25000 g sample
% Cl =

0.15163 g Cl

0.25000 g sample

)
)

X 100 = 39.34% Na
X 100 = 60.652% Cl
27

Empirical Formula: the formula of a compound that uses the smallest whole
number mole ratios of each element present in the compound.
Molecular Formula: the formula of a compound that uses the actual mole
ratios of each element present in the compound.
Compare and Contrast these two ideas
Propene: one molecule of propene has 3 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen
atoms, so the molecular formula is: C3H6
but the smallest whole number ratio of carbon to hydrogen is 2 hydrogen
atoms for every 1 carbon atom so the empirical formula is CH2

C3 H 6
3

CH2
28

If the percent composition is known for a compound, it can be used to

calculate the empirical formula.
Step 1: Assume you have 100.00 g of the compound.

Step 2: Multiply the mass percents by 100.00 g to find the mass of each
element present in 100.00 g of the compound.
Step 3: Convert the mass of each element into moles of each element.
Step 4: Calculate mole ratios (divide the larger number of moles by the
smallest number of moles whenever possible).
Step 5: Write the formula using the mole ratios calculated. If a mole
ratio is not a whole number, multiply each mole ratio by whatever
number will convert them into whole numbers.
29

A compound known to contain C, H and Cl is analyzed and the percent

composition is determined to be: 17.74% C, 3.722 % H, and 78.54% Cl.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
Steps 1 and 2

(100.00g)(17.74% C) = 17.74 g C
(100.00g)(3.722% H) = 3.722 g H
(100.00g)(78.54% Cl) = 78.54 g Cl

Step 3

(17.74 g C) (

1 mol C
12.01 g C

(3.722 g H)(

)
)
)

1 mol H
1.008 g H

(78.54 g Cl)(

1 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl

Step 4

= 1.477 mol C
= 3.692 mol H
= 2.216 mol Cl

1.477/1.477 = 1.000 mol C/1 mol C

3.692/1.477 = 2.500 mol H/1 mol C
2.216/1.477 = 1.500 mol Cl/1 mol C

Step 5

CH2.5Cl1.5
C2H5Cl3
30

If the molar mass and empirical formula of a compound are known, then the
molecular formula can be determined.
If the empirical formula is C2H5Cl3 and the molar mass is 406.2
g/mol, what is the molecular formula for the compound?
C2H5Cl3
2C 2X(12.01 g) = 24.02 g C
5H 5X(1.008 g) = 5.040 g H
3Cl 3X(35.45 g) = 106.4 g Cl
135.4 g in 1 mol of C2H5Cl3
406.2 g
135.4 g

= 3.000

Therefore: C(2*3)H(5*3)Cl(3*3) = C6H15Cl9

31