You are on page 1of 25

Ship Structural Response: Loads

Ship Structures - EN358

Loads?

Ship Structural Loads

Loads to be Combined:
Basic Loads
Sea Environment Loads

Individual Loads
Operational Environment Loads
Combat Loads

Basic Loads

Loads which are assumed to act on the


structure regardless of environmental
influences and special operational
conditions
Standard Live loads
Dead Loads
Liquid/Tank Loads
Equipment Loads

Basic Loads

Live Loads

Used primarily in designing decks.


Represent typical loads due to weight of
minor equipment, personnel, etc.
Loads usually depend on function of
space.

Dead Loads

Weight of the structure itself.


The load is generally minor, but can not be
ignored.

Typical Live loads


Type of Compartment
Living and control spaces, offices and
passages, main deck and above

Live Loading
75 psf

Living spaces below the main deck

100 psf

Office and control spaces below main deck

150 psf

Shop Spaces

200 psf

Storerooms and Magazines

300 psf

Weather Decks (Main and 01 Levels)

250 psf

Basic Loads

Liquid/Tank Loads

Hydrostatic pressure exerted on tank


boundaries by the liquid.
Must look for worst case loading
combination to determine design load.

i.e., adjacent tanks; one full, one empty.

Equipment Loads

Usually in addition to live loads and act in


concentrated area.

Wheel loads, aircraft loads, storage racks, etc.

Sea Environment Loads

Loads which arise from the vessel being


at sea. These loads are considered to
the most significant design loads.

Hull Girder Loads


Sea Loads
Weather Loads
Ship Motion Loads

Hull Girder Loads

Model the hull as a Free-Free Box


Beam.
Beam is experiencing bending due to
the differences between the Weight and
Buoyancy distributions.

Navy standard procedure is to look at


three cases:

Still water.
Hogging wave.
Sagging wave.

Quasi-Static Analysis
(Load * g factor ie DAF)

Still Water Condition

Static Analysis - No Waves Present

Most Warships tend to Sag in this


Condition

Putting Deck in Compression


Putting Bottom in Tension

Sagging Wave

Excess Weight Amidships

- Excess Buoyancy on the Ends

Compression

Tension

Hogging Wave

Excess Buoyancy Amidships

- Excess Weight on the Ends

Tension

Compression

Hull Girder Load Effects

Hughes 1988

Sea Loads

Represent the effects of sea and wave


action on:

Shell and weather deck

Deckhouse and superstructure

Intended to account for :

Passing waves and bow submergence

Wave slap and slam

Heeling

Wave slap loads depend on the angle of the


surface and the height above the water.

Example Sea Loads


30

Heeling
Angle: Generally 30

Passing Wave

hw
DWL

h w = 0.55 LBP
Pitch & Green Seas
DWL

AP

FP

12' Head at FP
Decreases to 4' Head
Constant Aft

Weather Loads

Effects of temperature, wind,


precipitation, humidity, etc.
The most important structural weather
loads are:

Ice & Snow use 7.5 psf on weather


decks.
Wind use 30 psf on exposed vertical (or
nearly vertical) surfaces.

Ship Motion Loads

Sea conditions generate ship motions, which


produce dynamic loads.
Customary in early design stages to estimate
loads based on earlier designs and treat as
quasi-static.
U.S. Navy determines design factors for two
conditions for dynamic loads:

Storm conditions.
Moderate (normal) conditions.

Design factors are based on accelerations


experienced and are used to increase dead
loads and cargo or equipment weights.

Operational Environment Loads

These are loads which are normally not


combined with other loads for analysis.
Some of these are extreme loads which may
happen only once in a vessels life, if at all.
Others are loads which occur due to special
circumstances.
The effect of these loads need to be
determine for each special case or
circumstance, in addition to the Basic and
Sea Loads.

Operation Environment Loads

Flooding Loads

These are the critical design loads for


bulkheads and decks below the main
deck.
Hydrostatic pressure distribution loads.

Aircraft Landing Loads

High intensity loads of short duration.


Apply only to specific portions of the decks
in the landing zones.

Operation Environment Loads

Docking Loads

Specific locations along the hull need to be


strengthened to carry loads from docking blocks
or tug positions.
Usual block load is about 20 LT/in2 and occurs
every two or three frames.

Ice Loads

Certain classes of ships need special additional


structure to be able to operate in ice regions.
Typically use Classification Society Rule (ABS,
DnV, etc.) to develop hull structure.

Combat Environment Loads

Ships which are expected to operate in a


combat environment should have certain
loads taken into account. The main combat
loads taken into consideration are:

Underwater explosions/shock
Nuclear air blast loading
Own weapons effects

Combat Environment Loads

Underwater blast/shock loads

Underwater explosions can cause the ship to


whip or vibrate near its fundamental two node
frequency.
Large amplitude hog-sag cycle deflections
happen in a second or less.
Large amplitude high frequency vibration can
cause machinery to break off foundations,
equipment to fail, and may cause damage to the
hull.
Usually treated in design by strengthening
foundations and providing shock isolation
mountings and absorbing systems.

Combat Environment Loads

Nuclear Air Blast

After a nuclear explosion the expansion of


hot gases causes a huge pressure wave.
The impact of the shock wave upon
exposed structure can be critical in a ship
design.

Superstructure and hull plating


Masts, antenna, radars, fire control systems

This is usually considered in a later stage


of design by strengthening exposed
structure and equipment foundations

Combat Environment Loads

The effect of gun blasts and missile


launching must be considered when
designing all structure in the vicinity.

Gun blasts can generate significant


pressures for very short durations.

The structure of missile motor stowage


areas must be able to contain
accidental ignition.

Gun Blast Pressure Distribution


20
10 psi
5 psi
3 psi
16

12

Muzzle
0
-12

-8

-4

5/54
-4

12

You might also like