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CHANGES
A guide for A level students
ENTHALPY CHANGES
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand
selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of
the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may
be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available
from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm
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ENTHALPY CHANGES
CONTENTS
Thermodynamics
Enthalpy changes
Standard enthalpy values
Standard enthalpy of formation
Standard enthalpy of combustion
Enthalpy of neutralisation
Bond dissociation enthalpy
Hesss law
Calculating enthalpy changes using bond enthalpies
Calculating enthalpy changes using enthalpy of formation values
Calculating enthalpy changes using enthalpy of combustion values
Practical measurement
Check list
ENTHALPY CHANGES
Before you start it would be helpful to
be able to balance equations
be confident with simple arithmetical operations
THERMODYNAMICS
First Law
Energy
changes
Examples
Endothermic
Energy is absorbed
Exothermic
combustion of fuels
photosynthesis
thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate
ENTHALPY
Enthalpy
REACTION CO-ORDINATE
DH = - ive
EXOTHERMIC
ENTHALPY
ENTHALPY
Enthalpy
REACTION CO-ORDINATE
DH = - ive
EXOTHERMIC
REACTION CO-ORDINATE
DH = + ive
ENDOTHERMIC
Heat absorbed
Pressure:-
100 kPa
(1 atmosphere)
A stated temperature
as a guide, just think of how a substance would be under normal lab conditions
assign the correct subscript [(g), (l) or (s) ] to indicate which state it is in
any solutions are of concentration 1 mol dm-3
to tell if standard conditions are used we modify the symbol for DH .
Enthalpy Change
Symbol
DHf
Values
Example(s)
O2(g)
>
2C(graphite) + O2(g) +
Notes
H2O(l)
3H2(g) > C2H5OH(l)
Symbol
DHc
Values
Always exothermic
Example(s)
O2(g)
>
H2O(l)
Notes
Always only ONE MOLE of what you are burning on the LHS of the equation
To aid balancing the equation, remember...
you get one carbon dioxide molecule for every carbon atom in the original
and one water molecule for every two hydrogen atoms
When you have done this, go back and balance the oxygen.
ENTHALPY OF NEUTRALISATION
Definition
Values
Exothermic
Equation
H+(aq)
Notes
+ OH(aq)
>
H2O(l)
Energy required to break ONE MOLE of gaseous bonds to form gaseous atoms.
Values
Examples
Cl2(g)
Notes
>
2Cl(g)
O-H(g) >
O(g) + H(g)
Energy required to break ONE MOLE of gaseous bonds to form gaseous atoms.
Values
Examples
Cl2(g)
Notes
>
O-H(g) >
2Cl(g)
O(g) + H(g)
Mean Values
Average (mean)
values are quoted
because the actual
value depends on
the environment of
the bond i.e. where
it is in the molecule
H-H
C-C
C=C
CC
C-O
C=O
C-H
C-N
C-F
C-Cl
436
346
611
837
360
743
413
305
484
338
H-F
H-Cl
H-Br
H-I
H-N
H-O
H-S
H-Si
P-H
O-O
562
431
366
299
388
463
338
318
322
146
UNITS = kJ mol-1
N-N
N=N
NN
P-P
F-F
Cl-Cl
Br-Br
I-I
S-S
Si-Si
163
409
944
172
158
242
193
151
264
176
HESSS LAW
The enthalpy change is independent of the path taken
How
DH3
HESSS LAW
The enthalpy change is independent of the path taken
How
DH3
e.g.
DH2 = - DH1
+ DHr
- DH3
The values of DH1 and DH3 have been subtracted because the route
involves going in the opposite direction to their definition.
HESSS LAW
The enthalpy change is independent of the path taken
Use
Imagine that, during a reaction, all the bonds of reacting species are broken
and the individual atoms join up again but in the form of products. The
overall energy change will depend on the difference between the energy
required to break the bonds and that released as bonds are made.
energy released making bonds > energy used to break bonds ... EXOTHERMIC
energy used to break bonds > energy released making bonds ... ENDOTHERMIC
Step 1
Step 2
The gaseous atoms then combine to form bonds and energy is released
its value will be equal and opposite to that of breaking the bonds
Applying Hesss Law
DHr =
Step 1 + Step 2
Step 2
ATOMS
SUM OFTHE BOND
ENTHALPIES OF
THE REACTANTS
REACTANTS
DH
Step 2
SUM OFTHE
BOND
ENTHALPIES OF
THE PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
DH2
1 x C=C bond
4 x C-H bonds
1 x H-H bond
@ 611
@ 413
@ 436
= 611 kJ
= 1652 kJ
= 436 kJ
= 2699 kJ
DH2
1 x C=C bond
4 x C-H bonds
1 x H-H bond
@ 611
@ 413
@ 436
= 611 kJ
= 1652 kJ
= 436 kJ
= 2699 kJ
DH3
= 346 kJ
= 2478 kJ
1 x C-C bond
6 x C-H bonds
@ 346
@ 413
= 2824 kJ
= (2699 2824) = 125 kJ
ELEMENTS
Step 2
SUM OFTHE
ENTHALPIES OF
FORMATION OF
THE REACTANTS
DHr =
or
- Step 1
Step 2
Step 2
Step 1
REACTANTS
DH
PRODUCTS
SUM OFTHE
ENTHALPIES
OF
FORMATION
OF THE
PRODUCTS
2H2O(l)
4NO2(g)
O2(g)
>
4HNO3(l)
REACTANTS
DHr =
4 x (-173)
2 x (-286)
ANSWER = - 252 kJ
4 x (+33)
Step 2
REACTANTS
DH
PRODUCTS
Step 1 - Step 2
SUM OFTHE
ENTHALPIES OF
COMBUSTION OF
THE PRODUCTS
OXIDATION
PRODUCTS
SUM OFTHE
ENTHALPIES OF
COMBUSTION
OF THE
REACTANTS
2H2(g)
>
CH4(g)
PRODUCTS
DHr =
1 x (-394)
2 x (-286)
minus
ANSWER = - 76 kJ mol-1
[ 1 x DHc of CH4]
1 x (-890)
Calculation
where
q
m
c
DT
=
=
=
=
heat energy
mass
Specific Heat Capacity
change in temperature
kJ
kg
kJ K -1 kg -1 [ water is 4.18 ]
K
Calculation
where
Example
q
m
c
DT
=
=
=
=
heat energy
mass
Specific Heat Capacity
change in temperature
kJ
kg
kJ K -1 kg -1 [ water is 4.18 ]
K
Example calculation
When 0.18g of hexane underwent complete combustion, it raised the temperature of
100g (0.1kg) water from 22C to 47C. Calculate its enthalpy of combustion.
Heat absorbed by the water (q) = m C DT
= 0.18 / 86
= 0.00209
= 10.45 / 0.00209 = 5000 kJ mol -1
HCl
>
NaCl
H2O
HCl
>
NaCl
= 306K 293K
25 + 25 = 50cm3
= 50g
=
m x c x DT =
H2O
= 13K
0.05 dm3
= 0.05 kg
HCl
>
NaCl
= 306K 293K
25 + 25 = 50cm3
= 50g
H2O
= 13K
0.05 dm3
= 0.05 kg
m x c x DT =
=
=
2 x
2 x
25/1000 =
25/1000 =
=
= 54.34 kJ mol -1
0.05 mol
0.05 mol
0.05 mol
= 2.717 / 0.05
REVISION CHECK
YES
NO
WELL DONE!
Try some past paper questions
ENTHALPY
CHANGES
THE END