UV-VISIBLE RANGE, ENERGY,

WAVELENGTH AND COLOR

RELATIONSHIP

PRESENTED BY:
CHIRAG DARJI
1ST M.PHARM
PHARMACOLOGY DEPT.

CONTENTS
Spectroscopy
Visible spectroscopy
UV-Spectroscopy
UV-Visible range
Energy
Wavelength and Color Relationship

SPECTROSCOPY
Measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted.
Spectroscopy measures the changes in
rotational, vibrational and/or electronic
energies.

E TOTAL = E ROTATIONAL + E VIBRATIONAL + E ELECTRONIC

ROTATIONAL ENERGY
Also known as a angular kinetic energy.
Associated with the overall rotation of the
molecule with the atoms consider as a fixed
point masses.
Occurs in microwave region.

E ROTATION = I w
where

w is the angular velocity

I is the moment of inertia.

VIBRATIONAL ENERGY
A molecule can also acquire energy as a
result of vibrations in the molecules.
Occurs in infra red region.

E VIBRATIONAL = hv0 ( v + )
Where,

Vo = Natural frequency of vibration

V = Vibrational quantum number

ELECTRONIC ENERGY

Associated with the transition of an electron

from the ground state energy level to an excited
state energy level of the molecule because of
absorption of photon of suitable frequency.

Occurs in UV visible region.

VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
Also known as visual spectroscopy or
colorimetry.
Colorimetry is concerned with the study of
absorption of visible radiation.

WAVELENGTH 400 nm 800nm

UV ( ULTRA VIOLET ) SPECTROSCOPY

Concern with the study of absorption of UVradiation .

WAVELENGTH 200 nm 400 nm

ENERGY

The energy of the radiation depends upon

the frequency and wavelength of the
radiation.

Frequency is directly proportional to the

energy, but as the energy increases, the
wavelength decreases.

Types of electrons present in any

molecule:

1. s Electrons: Present in saturated compounds.

E.g. - Alkanes
2. p Electrons: Present in unsaturated compounds.
E.g. double or triple bonds
3. n Electrons: Non bonded electrons which are
not involved in any bonding.

E.g. lone pair of electrons.

Sigma and Pi orbitals

Types of electronic transition in organic compounds:

Change in energy values for different transition

are in following order :

n* < * < n* < *

n TRANSITION
Also occurs in as conjugates dines.
Shows by unsaturated molecules which contain
oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
Requires less energy.
Example Aldehyde and ketones.
Range 270nm 300nm
.
( 2700 -3000 A )

TRANSITION

Gives promotion of an electron from a bonding

orbital to an antibonding * orbital.
Mainly occurs in molecules having a electron
system.

Example Alkenes

n* TRANSITION
Saturated compounds with lone pair of electron
undergo n* transition.
Less energy required compare to the *.
Range 180nm-200nm (Near UV)
Some compound absorb at slightly longer
wavelength. For example

(CH3)3N, max = 227nm for n*

Hydrogen bonding shifts the UV absorption to

shorter wavelength.

 * TRANSITION
Occurs in compounds in which electron are
involved in single bonds and no lone pairs of
electron.
Requires highest energy.
Absorption band occurs in UV at range 126nm135nm.
Examples : Alkanes
Saturated Hydrocarbon

WAVELENGTH

Distance between two successive maxima or minima OR

Distance between two successive troughs or peaks.

QUANTITY
Wavelength

Wave Number

RELATIONSHIP
= 1/v = c/v

= 1/ = v/c

UNITS
m, m, nm

m-1, cm-1

Frequency

V = c/ = c

S-1, (HZ)

Velocity

c = v = v/

ms-1

Frequency :
No. of the complete wavelength units
passing through a given point in a unit time.

Wavenumber:
No. of the waves spread in a length of one
cm.

Velocity:

Distance travelled by the wave in one second.

COLOR RELATIONSHIP

Violet:

Indigo: 420 - 440 nm

Blue: 440 - 490 nm
Green: 490 - 570 nm
Yellow: 570 - 585 nm
Orange: 585 - 620 nm

Red: 620 - 780 nm

400 - 420 nm

Red has the longest wavelength.

Violet has the shortest wavelength.

REFERENCES

ORGANIC SPECTROSCOPY
BY : William Kemp
INSTUMENTAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
BY : G.R.Chatwal, S.K.Anand
INSTUMENTAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
BY : B.K.Sharma
PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG ANALYSIS
BY : Ashutosh Kar
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