Topic :COMPOSITES

Self-curing acrylic resins were developed in 1930 in

Germany but they became popular in dentistry in
1940s
They were used as veneers on the facial surface of
metal restoration and as facing in crowns and
bridges.
But they show poor physical properties like high
polymerization shrinkage and coefficient of thermal
expansion, lack of wear resistance, poor marginal
seal and irritation to pulp and dimensional stability.
R Bowen in 1962 developed a polymeric dental
restorative material reinforced with silica particles
used as fillers. These materials were called
COMPOSITES.

Composite

is a compond
composed of atleast two
different materials with
properties which are
superior or intermediate to
those of an individual
component

Organic

matrix or organic phase

Inorganic matrix
Filler or dispersed phase
An organosilcane or coupling agent
Activator-initiator system
Inhibitors
Inhibitors
Coloring agents

1.Organic matrix:-

>the matrix band consists of

polymeric mono-,di-or-tri functional monomer like
bis-GMA or UDMA
>this resins is very viscous,in order to improve clinical
handling ,it is diluted with low viscosity monomers to
control the viscosity.these can be
I.
Bisphenol A dimethacrylate(bis-DMA)
II.
Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate(EGDMA)
III. Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate(TEGDMA)
IV. Methyl methacrylate (MMA)

2.FILLERS:>filler particles are added to improve the physical

and mechanical properties of organic matrix
>the basic aim is always to incorporate high
percentage of filler

>commonly used fillers are :

I.
Silicon dioxide
II.
Boron silicates
III. Lithium aliminium silicates

the wear of composite restoration depends on

filler particle size,interparticle spacing and
filler loading.

IN COMPOSITE RESIN,THE ADDITION OF

FILLER:

I.

Reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion

Reduces polymerization shrinkage
Increases abrasion resistance
Decreases water sorption
Increases tensile and compressive strength
Increases fracture toughness.

II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

 Interfacial

bonding between the matrix

phase and the filler phase is provided by
coating the filler particles with silane
coupling agent.
FUNCTIONS OF COUPLING AGENTS:
I.
Bonding of filler and resin matrix.
II. Transfer forces from flexible resin matrix
to stiffer filler particle
Examples;

r-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane

10-methacryloxydecultrimethoxysilane

 Coloring

agents are used in very small percentage tp

produce different shades of composites.

Mostly metal oxides such as;

titanium oxide and aluminum oxides are
added to improve the opacity of composite
resins.

5. ULTRAVOILET ABSORBERS :
They

are added to prevent discoloration.

Commonly used UV absorber is BEZOPHENONE.

6. INITIATOR AGENTS :
These

agents activate the polymerization of

composites.
Most common photoinitiator used is
CAMPHOROQUINONE.

 These

agents inhibit the free radical

generated by spontaneous polymerization of
the monomers.
Example ;
butylated hydroxy toluene.

 Traditional

or conventional composite- 8-12

micrometer
Small particle filled composite- 1-5
micrometer
Microfilled composites- 0.4-0.9 micrometer
Hybrid composites- 0.6-1 micrometer

2.Philips classification acc. To filler

particle size:
Macofiller

composites (0.1-100 microns)

Microfiller composites(0.04 micro particles)
Hybrid composites (fillers of different sizes)

Traditional composite resins

Hybrid composite resins
Homogeneous micofilled composites
Heterogeneous microfilled composites

4.classification acc. to matrix

composition:

Bis-GMA
UDMA

5.Classification acc. To
polymerization method:

Self-curing
Ultravoilet light curing
Visible light curing
Dual curing
Staged curing

Macrofilled composite
resin

Microfilled resins
Hybrid composite
resin

 Avr.

Particle size: 5-25 micron

Filler content: 75-80 percent by weight

I.

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

advantages:Physical and mechanical performance is

better than filled acrylic resins.
Disadvantages:Rough surface finish
Poor polishibility
More wear
More prone to staining

Average particle size 0.04-0.1 micrometer

Filler content- 35-50 percent by weight

 Advantages:

II.

Highly polishable
Good esthetic

Disadvantages:

i.

Poor mechanical properties

Poor color stability
Low wear resistance
Less modulus of elasticity and tensile
strength
More water absorption
High coefficient of thermal expansion

I.

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

vi.

Particle size- diameterof less than 2 micrometer

Filler content- 75-80 percent by volume

Advantages:

I.

V.

Availability in various colors

Good abrasion and wear resistance
Ability to imitate the tooth structure
Decreased polymerization shrinkage
Less water absorption

Disadvantages:

I.

Not appropriate for heavy stress bearing

areas
Loss of gloss occurs when exposed to
toothbrushing with abrasive toothpaste.

II.
III.
IV.

II.

Flowable

composite resin
Condensable(packable)
composites
Giomers
Compomers
Smart composites
Expanded matrix resin
composites

 Introduced in dentistry in late 1996

Particle size- 0.02-0.05micrometer

Filler content- 60 percent by weight

Advantages:

VI.

Low viscosity
High depth of cure
Penetration into every irregularity of
preparation
High flexibility
Radiopaque
Availability in different colors

Disadvantages:

I.

More susceptible to wear in stress bearing

areas
Weaker mechanical properties
More polymerization shrinkage

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

II.
III.

Average particle size- 0.7-20 micrometer

Filler content- 48-65 percent

 Advantages:

IV.

Increased wear resistance because of

presence of ceramic fibres
Condensability like silver amalgam
restoration
Produce better reproduction of occlusal
anatomy
Reduced stickiness

Disadvantages:

I.

Difficulty in adaptation of one composite

layer with another
Difficult handling
Poor esthetics in anterior teeth

I.
II.
III.

II.
III.

Giomers is hybrid of words glass inomers and

composites.
They are also known as PRG composites
(prereacted glass inomer composites).
Indications:
I.
Non carious cervical lesions
II.
Root caries
III. Deciduous tooth caries
Properties:
I.
Easier to polish than glass inomer
II.
Excellent esthetics
III. Chemical bonding to tooth structure
IV. Biocompatibility
V.
Better surface finish

First compomer
was introduced

in 1993 under the name DYRACT

Composition:
I.
Resin marix: dimethacrylate monomers
with two carboxylic group present in
their structure
II. Filler: reactive silicate glass containing
filler
III. Photoinitiators and stailizers

I.

II.
III.
IV.

Properties:
Adhesion: adhesion to tooth structure is by
micro mechanical means and requires acid
etching
Physical properties: like strength,fracture
toughness
Bond strength
Fluoride release: greater than composite resin
but less than glass inomer systems.

 Advantages:

V.

Optimal esthetics
Easy to handle
Easy to polishing
Easy to place
Require no mixing

Disadvantages:

I.

Require use of bonding agent

Technique sensitive
Limited fluoride release
Expansion of matrix due to water sorption
Physical properties decrease with time.

I.
II.
III.
IV.

II.
III.
IV.
V.

1.coefficient of thermal
expansion :

Coefficient of thermal expansion is

approximately three times higher than normal
tooth structure.
This results in more contraction and expansion
than enamel and dentin when there are
temperature changes and this can result in
loosening of the restoration.

2.Water absorption:

More is the filler content,less is the water

sorption
Lesser degree of polymerization causes more
sorption
Type and amount of monomer also effect water
sorption. Example; UDMA

3.Wear resistance:

It is a property of filler particles depending on

their size and quantity.

WEAR IN COMPOSITES
Two principle modes of wear are:I.
two body wear
II.
Three body wear.

DIFFERENT THEORIES EXPLAINING WEAR

ARE:i.Microfracture theory
ii. Hydrolysis theory
iii. Protrection theory
iv. Chemical degradation theroy
.

Lesser is the polymerization,more is the

degradation.
Microfiiled composites show less of
degradation.
Sudden temperature change can result in
disruption in silane coating and thus bond
failure between matrix and filler.

4.Surface texture:

Size and composition of filler particle

determine the smoothness of the surface of a
restoration.

5.Radiopacity:

Presence of radiopaque fillers like barium

glass,strontium and zirconium makes the
composite restoration radiopaque.

6.modulus ofelasticity:

It determines its rigidity or stiffness

7.Solubility:

Water solubility of composites- 0.5-1.1

mg/cm2

8.creep:

More is the resin matrix,more is the creep.

Example; microfilled composite show more creep
since they contain more of resin matrix.

9.Polymerization shrinkage:

Composite materials shrink while curing which can

result in formation of gap between resin based
composite and the preparation wall.

POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE CAN RESULT IN:

i. postoperative sensitivity
ii.recurrent caries
iii.failure of interfacial bonding
iv.fracture of restoration and tooth.

Showing gap between restoration and

the tooth restoration

Polymerization shrinkage can bereduced by:

i.decrease monomer level
ii.increasing monomer molecular weight
iii. Improving composite placementtechnique

10.Configuration or c-factor :

it was introduced by professor carol davidson in

1980s.
C-FACTOR is the ratio of bonded surface of the
restoration to the unbonded surfaces.
Higher the value of c-factor , the greater is the
polymerization shrinkage.
Three dimensional tooth preparation(class I) have the
highest c-factor.

11. biocompatibility:

Studies have shown that the major

components are cytotoxic if used in pure
state.
These have shown to cause:
i.inflamation
ii.deposition ofplaque on restoration
iii.allergic response
Unpolymerized monomers are responsible for
toxic effects of composites.
HEMA is known to cause allergy.

12.Working and setting times:

i.light cure composites

70 percent of polymerization takes place
during first 10 mints , though the polymerization
reaction continues for period of 24 hours.

ii.mixing for self cure composites

self cure composites comes in two syringes.

One syringe peroxide initiator or catalyst
other syringe amine accelerator
They are mixed thouroughly for 20-30 sec
Working time- 1-1and half minutes.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

Local aneathesia
Preparation of operating site
Compositeselection
Shade selection
Isolation
Tooth preparation
Bonding
Composite placement
Polymerization of composite resins
Final contouring , finishing and polishing of
composite restoration.

 Local

anesthesia:

LA is given in many cases since it makes the procedure

pleasant,time saving and reduces the salavation.
Preparation

of operating site:

operating site is cleaned using slurry of pumice.

Composite

selection:

it is dependent oni.position of the tooth preparation

ii.estheticrequirements

 Shade

selection:

No. of shades to be used depends on the:

i.complexity of the restoration
ii.polychromatic characterstics of the tooth to
be restored
iii.relationship with adjacent teeth

Isolation:
Isolation is best done by using rubber dam,though it can be
done by using cotton rools,saliva ejactor and retraction
cord.
Tooth

I.

II.
III.
IV.

preparation:

following features are to be kept in mind while

doing tooth preparation for direct composite
restorations:Tooth prep. Is limited to extent of the defect,that is
extension for prevention, including proximal contact
clearance.
To facilitate bonding ,tooth surface is made rough using
diamond abrasives.
Pulpal and axial walls need not to be flat.
Cavosurface pesent on root surfaces has butt joint.


1.
2.
3.

Designs of tooth prep. For composites :

conventional
Beveled conventional
Modified
CONVENTIONAL:Features: i.prepared margins should be 90
degree or greater .
ii.butt joint cavosurface margin is
made on root surfaces.
iii.prepared tooth surface is roughened
to increase the bonding.
BEVELED CONVENTIONAL:Indications: to restore a large preparation and
especially indicated for classes III,
IV and VI restorations

MODIFIED(MODIFIED TOOTH PREPARATION):

Features: i. preparation has scooped out
appearance.
ii.it does not have specified wall
configuration.
iii.extent and depth of the preparation
depends upon the extent and the
depth of carious lesion.

Bonding:
Adhesion of composites to tooth structure can be
attained with any of following methods:1. Total-etch involving 3-step adhesives that is
etching,priming and bonding.

2. Total etch involving 2-step adhesives that

is etching and bonding.
3. self-etch adhesives involving single step
ofbonding.

Composite placement:

Instruments used for composite insertion :1. HAND INSTRUMENTS

2.COMPOSITE GUN : commonly used with composite filled ampules.

3. SYRINGE:
it provides an easy way for placement of
composite with decreased chances of air
trapping.

Polymerization

of composite resins:

Acc. To polymerization method,the composite resins

can be divided into two main categories
i.self-curing composites
ii.light-activated composited

1.SELF-CURING:

catalyst and base materials are mixed in a ratio of

about 1:1.
On mixing there polymerization process is
chemically activated.
These chemicals showed poor color stability.

2.LIGHT-ACTIVATED COMPOSITE RESINS:

In late 1960s and early 1970s , UV light cured
composites resins were introduced.
Light activation in visible light curing ranges
between 460-470 nm wavelength.
On activation,photoinitiator
(camphoroquinone) combines with amine
accelerator and releases free radicales which
start the polymerization.

Curing

lamps :

the various types of light used in curing of

composite are:1. TUNGSTEN-QUARTZ CURING UNIT (TQH)
most commonly used for composite resin.
2.PLASMA ARC CURING UNIT (PAC) introduced
as a means of rapid light curing.
3.LIGHT EMITTING DIODE UNIT (LED)
LED unit usually have a long
life and emits powerful blue light.

Wavelength range:400-500

4.ARGON LASER CURING UNIT

Wavelength- 470nm; which is mono chromatic

in nature.

 Final

contouring,finishing and
polishing of composite restoration :
Main objectives are :1. Attain optimal contour.
2. Remove excess composite material.
3. Polish the surface and margins of the
composite restoration.
Final finishing and polishing of a
composite restoration can be done
with finishing diamond points.
Polishing is done using rubber
polishing points,abrasives disc or
pumice impregnated point.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

For restoration of mild to moderate class I

and class II tooth preparation of all teeths.
Restoration of class III, IV and V preparation
of all teeth .
Restoration of class VI preparation of teeth
where high occlusal stress is not present.
To restore erosion or abrasin defects in
cervical areas of all the surfaces of
premolars,canines and incisors.
Asa pit and fissure sealants.
For repair of fractured ceramic crowns.
For bonding orthodontic appliances.

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

When isolation of operating field is

difficult.
Where high occlusal forces are
present.
When lesions extend up to the root
surface.
Pateints with high caries
susceptibility.
When preparation extends
subgingivally
Patients with poor oral hygeine.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Incomplete removal of carious lesion.

Incomplete etching.
Excess or deficient application of
bonding agent.
Lack of moisture control.
Contamination of composite with
finger/saliva.
Improper polymerization method
Improper finishing and polishing of
composites.
Inadequate occlusion of restored tooth.

Presented by :MUNAZZAH SHAKUR

Roll no. 50/10