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, a lipoprotein aggregate
Carnitine as a Carrier
Carnitine carries fatty acyl groups across the inner
mitochondrial membrane
Short chain fatty acids are carried directly into the
mitochondrial matrix
Long-chain fatty acids (>14 c) cannot be directly
transported into the matrix
Long-chain FAs are converted to acyl carnitines
and are then transported in the cell
Carnitine
Liver
TMAO (Clogs Arteries)
The next step is the addition of the elements of H2O across the
new double bond in a stereospecific manner, yielding the
corresponding hydoxyacyl-CoA. The reaction is catalyzed by
enoyl-CoA hydratase, also called crotonase. These enzymes
convert trans-enoyl-CoA derivatives to L--hydroxyacyl-CoA.
Summary of -Oxidation
Oleic-S-CoA Ester
When the diet provides a ready source of carbohydrate as fuel, oxidation of fatty
acids is unnecessary and is therefore downregulated. Two enzymes are key to the
coordination of fatty acid metabolism: acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the first
enzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids (see Figure 21-1), and carnitine acyltransferase I,
which limits the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation.
Figure 20-22
Conditions that promote gluconeogenesis (untreated diabetes, severely reduced food intake), slow citric
acid cycle (by drawing off oxaloacetate) and enhance the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetate.
The released coenzyme A allows continued oxidation of fatty acids.
Suggested Problems
Figure 20-22