1.

Because the error during transmission , the

interference and the noise are inevitable, it
leads to corruption transmitted.

2.

So the ECC is a technique used for controlling

errors in data transmission over unreliable or
noisy communication
channels. To make the probability of error less
and make the channel more reliable.

Two basic Approaches :

1. Backward error correction :

When an error is detected in frame, the sender

is asked to resend the data. This known as
Automatic Repeat Request.

2. Forward error correction :

Use more redundancy in the transmitted data
to not only detect, but also correct the error in
the received data.

Requirement for error detection:

A code is an error-detecting code if and
only if the minimum distance between any
two code words is two.
Requirement for error correction :
For a code to be error-correcting, the
minimum distance between any two code
words must be more than two.
Number of additional bits should be :
such that it can point the position of the bit in
error. if k is the number of additional bits, the
condition is (2^K)>=m+k+1

The American mathematician Richard

Hamming has invented the first error-correcting
code in 1950, Hamming code.

Block code example:

Information
00
01
10
11

Codeword
000101
010010
101101
111010

All that we need to know is modulo 2 addition, :

00=0 10=1 01=1 11=0

Number of Data Bits

(m)

Numer of Redundancy
Bits
(k)

Total Bits
(m+k)

Message digits : C1 C2 C3 C4
Codeword
: C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
Parity Check Equations:
C1 C2 C3 C5 = 0
C1 C3 C4 C6 = 0
C1 C2 C4 C7 = 0

Message: (C1 C2 C3 C4 ) = (0 1 1 0)

C7=1

C5=0

C6=1
Resultant code word: 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Transmitted code word: 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Received block with one error in a
message bit: 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
There is an error in right circle.
There is an error in bottom circle
There is no error in left circle.
Therefore the error is in the third
digit!

So it will be corrected

Transmitted code word: 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Received block with one error in a
message bit: 0 1 10 0 0 1
There is no error in right circle.
There is an error in bottom circle
There is no error in left circle.
The 6th digit is in error!

So it will be corrected

Transmitted code word: 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Received block with two errors in a
message bit: 1 1 10 0 0 1
There is an error in right circle.
There is no error in bottom circle
There is an error in left circle.
The 2nd digit is in error.

Wrong!!

We have seen that, the HAMMING (7,4)

CODE technique will work for any single
error