Endocrine Disorders

Harliansyah,Ph.D
Dept Biochemistry, FK-UY

Abnormalities of endocrine glands generally

fall into one of the several categories;

1. Hypersecretion
- Excess activity of a specific hormone
- May be due to overproduction of a hormone due to abnormal
glandular function, glandular hypertrophy/ hyperplasia or the
presence of tumors that secrete hormone.
2. Hyposecretion
- Reduced activity of a specific hormone
- May be due to atrophy of glandular tissue or damage from
autoimmune attack, infection or neeoplasia.

3. Altered responsiveness of a tissue to a specific hormone

-. Tissue no longer responds to a specific hormone
-. May involve down regulation of receptors or altered receptor/
secondary messenger function
-. Circulating levels of hormone may be normal or even elevated
( Type II DM)

Metabolic syndrome

The metabolic syndrome is identified by the

presence of three or more of these components:

Central obesity as measured by waist circumference:

Men Greater than 40 inches (102 cm)
Women Greater than 35 inches (88 cm)
Fasting blood triglycerides greater than or equal to 1.7
mmol/L
Blood HDL cholesterol:
Men Less than 1.03 mmol/L
Women Less than 1.2 mmol/L
Blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mmHg
Fasting glucose greater than or equal to 6.1 mmol/L

The Metabolic Syndrome:

Significance
Body Size
BMI
Central Adiposity

Insulin Resistance

+
Hyperinsulinemia

Glucose
Metabolism
Glucose
intolerance

Uric Acid
Metabolism

Uric acid
Urinary uric
acid clearance

Dyslipidemia

TG
PP lipemia
HDL-C
Small,

Hemodynamic

SNS activity
Na retention
Hypertension

dense LDL

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Novel Risk
Factors

CRP
PAI-1
Fibrinogen

There are three types of hormonal control pathways

Pathway

Example
Low blood
glucose

Stimulus
Receptor
protein

Pancreas
secretes
glucagon ( )

Endocrine
cell
Blood
vessel

Target
effectors

Response

Pathway

Example

Stimulus

Suckling

Example

Pathway
Stimulus

Sensory
neuron

Sensory
neuron
Hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

Neurosecretory
cell
Posterior pituitary
secretes oxytocin
Blood
( )
vessel

Hypothalamic
neurohormone
released in
response to
neural and
hormonal
signals

Neurosecretory
cell
Hypothalamus
secretes prolactinBlood
releasing
vessel
hormone ( )

Liver

Glycogen
breakdown,
glucose release
into blood

(a) Simple endocrine pathway

Target
effectors

Smooth muscle
in breast
Endocrine
cell

Response

Anterior
pituitary
secretes
prolactin ( )

Blood
vessel

Milk release

(b) Simple neurohormone pathway

Target
effectors

Response

Mammary glands

Milk production

(c) Simple neuroendocrine pathway

Normal Insulin Function

Insulin
Insulin Insulin

TG

Insulin
Insulin Insulin

Normal Insulin Action

Net Result:

Increase in glucose uptake by muscle, liver,

and fat
Decrease glucose output by the liver
Increase TG storage, decreased TG
breakdown

Insulin Resistance
Net Result:

Increased insulin production to force glucose

uptake
Decreased inhibition of glucose rate of
appearance from the liver
Decreased inhibition of TG breakdown
FFA in blood.

Consequences of Prolonged
Hyperinsulinemia
TG
Cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Insulin (hyperinsulinemia)
Post-prandial glucose

Consequences of Prolonged
Hyperinsulinemia.

Prolonged high levels of insulin:

glucose continues to enter cells, but stored in liver
and fat cells and less glucose for immediate fuel
hunger returns quickly and eating increases
resulting in weight gain

Thanks you