Investigation of stream characteristics

Fig. Methods of fixing position of sounding boat

Fig. Illustration of large span of a bridge across a deep valley

Fig. Ganga bridge at Patna. The average and the maximum depth of the stream are
comparable.

Fig. An example of a meandering river

Ridge line

Catchment area

Bridge site

Fig. Identification of catchment area for a bridge site

Fig. Coefficients for use in Dickens flood formula (multiply by 0.014 when area is in sq. km
and discharge is in cumecs)

Fig. Schematic illustration of scour at a bridge pier

Fig. Variation of discharge in the Ganga at Garh Mukteshwar

Fig. Predicted and measured scour depths in the Ganga at Garh Mukteshwar

How to decide the area of the bearing pedestal?

Plan dimension of the beating pedestal is decided based on the limiting

stresses and the thickness should be such that the cone of load dispersion
should be confined within the bearing pedestal

Load combinations to be considered in design

3.8+0.4+0.1=4.30 m

A page from the ACI Building Code, ACI 318-08

Mechanisms of shear resistance in a R.C. beam without web reinforcement

Concrete contribution, Vc = Vcy + Vay + Vd

Typical detailing of reinforcement in a pier cap

Strut-and-tie modeling of pier-caps

(Development of strut-and-tie models)

Typical detailing of a corbel test specimen in elevation

Corbel test set-up configuration

Corbel test set-up

Failure crack patterns of the corbels

Strut-and-tie models for double corbels

Strut-and-tie models for single corbels