oWhy a system, needs protection

oElements of power system protection

oRelays
oElectrical System Protection with

Protective Relays
oconclusion

oThere is no fault free system.

oIt is neither practical nor economical to build a fault

free system.
oElectrical system shall tolerate certain degree of
faults.
oUsually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation
due to various reasons: system aging, lighting, etc.

Elements

Percentage of faults

Overhead transmission lines

45-55%

Underground cables

8-12%

Switchgears

13-17%

Power transformers

10-14%

CTs and PTs

1-3%

Control-circuit equipments

2-4%

Miscellaneous

7-9%

o Selectivity
o Reliability
o Sensitivity
o Stability
o Fast operation

oFuse
oCurrent and Voltage Transformers
oCircuit breakers
oLighting Arresters
oBatteries
oRelays

A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side

1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4. voltage Transformer
5.Isolator 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main
transformer 10.Control building 11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines

Fuse wire
rating (A)

Cu Wire
diameter
(mm)

0.15

0.20

10

0.35

15

0.50

20

0.60

25

0.75

30

0.85

45

1.25

60

1.53

80

1.8

100

2.0

FUSE

o Fuses are selected to allow passage of normal current and of excessive current only for short periods.
o It is used to protect the low voltage or current rating devices
o The action of fuse depends up on the heating effect of the electric current
o Time for blowing out of fuse depends up on magnitude of excessive current

oCurrent transformer consists at

least of two secondary windings.

oThe first winding is usually designed
for measuring, the second is used
for protection.
oThe secondary of current
transformers are almost connected
in star

oVoltage transformer is

often consists of two

windings.
oThe first winding is
connected in star, and the
star point must be earthed.
oThe second winding is
connected as open delta.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
oLow voltage circuit

breaker
oMagnetic circuit
breaker
oMedium voltage
circuit breaker
oHigh voltage circuit
breaker

LIGHTING ARRESTER
oA lightning arrester is a device

used on electrical power

system to protect the insulation
damaging effect of lightning.
oAll lighting arrester are earthed

BATTERY BANK
oBattery bank are called as

backbone of protection
system
oEmergency use for power
system

Relays

are electrical switches that

open or close another circuit under
certain conditions. Based on voltage
and current transformer readings
mostly

o When a fault takes place current ,frequency,voltage behave in a peculiar way

Current suddenly increases

Voltage suddenly decreases

o relays can detect these overcurrent ,undervoltage and their combination with the

help of many principles

Isolate

controlling circuit from controlled circuit.

Control high voltage system with low voltage.
Control high current system with low current.
Logic Functions

Protection relays can be classified in accordance with the function which they carry out, their
construction, the incoming signal and the type of functioning
Based on Construction:

Electromagnetic.
Solid state (static).
Microprocessor.
o Type of protection

Over current.
Distance.
Differential.
.

Reverse power relay.

Based on construction

 The relay operating on this principle can be

used for A.C quantity only.
In this relay,first alternating flux produces
eddy currents in aluminium disk.
The second alternating flux interact with
these eddy currents and thus produces
torque.
Similarly, Eddy currents produced by second
flux and torque is produced.
Net torque produces rotating torque in the
disc.

o A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device

that switches conduction states when a small external

voltage is applied along its n-type and p-type junctions
o SSRs consists of a sensor which responds to an appropriate

input (control signal)

o A solid-state electronic switching device which switches

power to the load circuitry, and a coupling mechanism to

enable the control signal to activate this switch without
mechanical parts
o The relay may be designed to switch either AC or DC to the

load
o It serves the same function as an electromechanical relay,

but has no moving parts

o Applicable to substations of various types

and ratings
o User configurable protection scheme
Online display of parameters and variables
o Powerful self diagnostics and safe mode of
operation
o Can be powered with 110 / 220 V dc from
station batteries

o Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)

o Simplicity
o Not expensive
o Mechanical Wear

o Solid-state Relays (SSRs)

o No Mechanical movements
o Faster than EMR
o No sparking between contacts

o Microprocessor-based Relay
o Much higher precision and more reliable and durable.
o Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power

systems before, during and after faults occur.

o Capable of both digital and analog I/O.
o Higher cost

Based on type of protection

o When normalcurrent flows through this coil, the magnetic

effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move the

moving element of the relay
o when the current through the coil increased, the magnetic

effect increases, and after certain level of current, the

deflecting force generated by the magnetic effect of the
coil, crosses the restraining force, as a result, the moving
element starts moving to change the contact position in
the relay
o Depending upon time of operation, there are

various types of OC relays, such as,

Instantaneous over current relay.

Definite time over current relay.
Inverse time over current relay.

o There is one voltage element from potential transformer

and an current element fed from current transformer of
the system
o The deflecting torque is produced by
secondary current of CT and restoring torque is produced
by voltage of potential transformer
o In normal operating condition, restoring torque is more
than deflecting torque,Hence relay will not operate
o But in faulty condition, the current becomes quite large
whereas voltage becomes less
o Consequently, deflecting torque becomes more than
restoring torque and dynamic parts of the relay starts
moving which ultimately close the contact of relay

o Differential relay is that relay that checks

the dissimilarity between the input and

output currents for power system current
o The distinction between the currents could

also be in magnitude or in phase angle

o For hale and hearty operation, magnitude

and angle variations should be zero

o If there's a distinction which distinction

exceeds some value, the relay can operate

and related electrical fuse can trip

o A reverse power relay is a directional power relay that

is used to monitor the power from a generator running

in parallel with another generator or the utility
o The function of the reverse power relay is to prevent

a reverse power condition in which power flows from

the bus bar into the generator
o This condition can occur when there is a failure in the

prime mover such as an engine or a turbine which

drives the generator
o The reverse power relay is usually set to 20% to 50%

of the motoring power required by prime mover

o Transformers need to be protected against short circuits and

over heating
o For low kva ratings, over current relays are used, but in case

of large transformers with higher kva ratings, differential

protection is used
o For this purpose, buchholz relay is used
o Gas actuated relay immersed installed in oil immersed

transformer for protection against all kinds of faults.

o In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a

buchholz relay is safety device mounted on some oil-filled

power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external
overhead oil reservoir called a conservator.
o The buchholz relay is used as a protective device sensitive

to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment.

o Protective equipments controls output circuits of a

much higher power.

o Safety is increased
o Protective equipments are essential for keeping

faults in the system isolated and keep equipment

from being damaged.
o Protective equipment is like an insurance against

damage due to fault.