Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTATION LAYOUT:
Requirements of a good
Transmission System:
High Bandwidth
High BER
Low SNR
Power efficient
Provide Data Security.
Low cost
A high-bandwidth cost-effective solution to the last mile problem is to use freespace laser communication (also known as or optical wireless) in a mesh
architecture to get the high bandwidth quickly to the customers.
DATA SECURITY
To overcome the security in a network two conditions are necessary:
(1) Intercept enough of the signal to reconstruct data packets and
Fog: The major challenge to FSO communications is fog. The primary way to counter
fog when deploying FSO is through a network design that shortens FSO link
distances and adds network redundancies. FSO installations in foggy cities such as
San Francisco have successfully achieved carrier-class reliability.
Absorption: Absorption occurs when suspended water molecules in the terrestrial
atmosphere extinguish photons. This causes a decrease in the power density
(attenuation) of the FSO beam and directly affects the availability of a system.
Scattering: Scattering is caused when the wavelength collides with the scatterer. The
physical size of the scatterer determines the type of scattering. When the scatterer is
smaller than the wavelength, this is known as Rayleigh scattering. When the scatterer
is of comparable size to the wavelength, this is known as Mie scattering.
Physical obstructions: Flying birds can temporarily block a single beam, but this
tends to cause only short interruptions, and transmissions are easily and
automatically resumed.
Building sway/seismic activity: The movement of buildings can upset receiver and
transmitter alignment.
Safety: To those unfamiliar with FSO, safety is often a concern because the
technology uses lasers for transmission.
Scintillation: Heated air rising from the earth or man-made devices such as heating
ducts creates temperature variations among different air pockets. This can cause
fluctuations in signal amplitude which leads to image fluctuations at the FSO receiver
end.
Rough Estimate of Power losses in the system Infrared ight (765 nm) :
Clear, still air
-1 dB/km -5 dB/km
Scintillation
0 to -3 dB/km 0
Birds or foliage Impenetrable
0 to -20 dB
Window (double-glazed)
-3 dB -1 dB
Light mist (visibility 400m)
-25 dB/km -1 dB/km
Medium fog (visibility 100m)
-120 dB/km -1 dB/km
Thick fog (visibility 40m)
-300 dB/km -1 dB/km
Light rain (25mm/hour)
-10 dB/km -10 dB/km
Heavy rain (150mm/hour)
-25 dB/km -40 dB/km
licensing required.
Installation cost is very low as compared to
laying Fiber.
No sunk costs.
No capital overhangs.
Highly secure transmission possible.
High data rates, upto 2.5 Gbps at present
and 10 Gbps in the near future.