The poor are not the main group that migrates

but migration among the poor is increasing

The poor migrate in response to economic shocks

but as social networks expand the poor migrate as a planned
decision

Migration in Odisha
A key state for supply of migrant labours to various parts of
india to work in
catering,hospitality,plumbing,construction,textile,and other
allied sectors.
Low and variable agriculture production coupled with lack of
local employment opportunities
Landlessness,poverty and marginalisation of the poor people
turns out to be the main cause of migrants
Internal conflicts and political unrest
Remittance coming to the migration district like
Ganjam,puri,nayagarh ,Khurda,jagatsinghpur ,Kendrapada

Extreme
poverty and
destitution
industrial and
development
induced
displacement

For better
rage and
livelihood
migration

natural
disasters and
armed conflict

Human
trafficking

Factors of Migration
Push Factors
Non availability of work at the native
places

Pull factors
Work opportunities

Fewer opportunities for income

Comparatively better wages than the

native places

Lower wages for physical labour and late

payment of wages

Enjoyment

Landlessness and low agricultural

productivity
Drought and natural calamities
Indebtedness
Ineffective local governance

Consequences of Migration:
Migration has far reaching consequences, affecting not only the life of
the labourers but also the family members who are left behind.

Social Lifeloss of community identity; detachment from family and

social relationships; adverse conditions of the elderly, children and
women; vulnerability to the vicious cycle of poverty and deprivation;
rise in female-headed households.
Cultural Lifeloss of culture in terms of change in beliefs and
behaviours; little or no participation in religious functions.
Political Lifelittle or no participation in local governance; little
contribution to preparation and implementation of village development
plan; inability to access benefits of government programmes.

WHAT IS POVERTY?
Poverty is hunger.
Poverty is lack of shelter.
Poverty is being sick and not able to see a doctor.
Poverty is not having a job ,is fear for the future,
living one day at a time.
Poverty is loosing a child to illness brought about by
unclean water.
Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and
freedom.

Dimensions of Migration
Labor migration: migration provides a cheaper work
force to the developed countries while skilled
manpower is lacking in the sending countries;
Migration and security: the world faces insecurity as
the result of international terrorism. This fact has
complicated the principle of free movement of people
even among countries who share the same
organizations or the same values;
Combating illegal migration: the need for emigration
has increased so that the migrants do not wait until
they obtain visa. They always look for persons who
get them over the borders of developed countries in
an illegal way.
18

Dimensions of International Migration

(Continued)
Migration and development: the emigrants contribute
largely to the reduction of the poverty. Most of them
come from the poorest population and they usually
send remittances to their families back home.
Demographic aspects : in the developed countries, the
current annual rate of population growth is less than
0.3 per cent, while in the rest of the world the
population is growing almost six times as fast. Thus,
while developed countries face with the problem of
ageing population, youngsters, due to the
demographic pressure, come from underdeveloped
countries to solve the problem of scarcity of
manpower in the richest countries.
Economic liberalization: in the developed countries,
employers have the opportunity to get migrant
workers as part of their cost minimization strategies. 19

Two main messages

Good news:
Migration can contribute to reduce global
poverty
Inconvenient news?
Development in general nor aid in particular
will slow or stop migration... for a long, long
time

Migrants and causes of migration

Highly skilled manpower
The reasons for migration are numerous, among
them:
For the intellectuals:
Lack of good governance in the countries: people do
not benefit from democracy, equity and adequate
welfare;
Repression against opponents: lack of freedom,
governments repression against their citizens;
Political, social or ethnic conflicts: part of the
population are excluded from high national
decisions;
Unemployment: seeking employment or high living
standards = motivation;
Poverty or low income levels;
Education.
22

Migrants and causes of migration

(Continued)
The reasons for migration are numerous, among
them:
For the non intellectuals:
Impoverishment of the rural areas due to climate
change: irregular rain patterns, less and less land to
cultivate, desertification, loss of livestock due to
droughts and diseases, etc;
Social exclusion.

Both flee due to:

Poverty and hunger;
Conflicts;
Political reasons.

23