Fuzzy Controller of a Small Wind-Fuel Cell

Hybrid Energy System

Emerging Technologies in Energy Engineering

Wind and Solar energy technologies are the forerunners

Hydrogen based energy conversion bears good potential

Source: Worldwatch Institute

Source: Plug Power Inc., NY

Renewable Resources

Wind Power Resources Allocation

& Application in Henan

Author:
[Lu Minghua /Kang Yan/ Liu Guoshun]

Hybrid Energy Systems

in Stand-alone Applications

Energy from a renewable source depends on environmental

conditions
In a Hybrid Energy System, a renewable source is combined with
energy storage and secondary power source(s).
Mostly used in off-grid/remote applications
Could be tied with a distributed power generation network.

Wind-Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System

A wind turbine works as a primary power source

Excess energy could be used for hydrogen production by an
electrolyzer
During low winds, a fuel-cell delivers the electrical energy using
the stored hydrogen
Power converters and controllers are required to integrate the
system

Model Formulation
Models Developed for:

Wind Turbine
PEM Fuel Cell
Electrolyzer
Power Converters
Approach:

Components are integrated into a complete

system through control and power electronic
interfaces
Simulation done in MATLAB-Simulink

Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)

Small wind turbine:WG-150 (Jiujiang

Device)
Wind field
PM DC generator
Controller
Reference speed generator
Fuzzy logic controller

Small WECS
1
3
P

A
V
Power in the wind: wind
wt wind
2
1
3
Captured power: Pa C p AwtVeff
2
Power

50 W ~ 10 KW

Diameter

1~7m

Hub-height

~ 30 m

Control/Regulation

Stall, Yaw, Pitch, Variable speed

Over-speed Protection

Horizontal/Vertical furling

Generator

DC, Permanent Magnet Alternator

Application

Stand-alone, Grid connections

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PEM Fuel Cells

Polymer membrane is sandwiched

between two electrodes,
containing a gas diffusion layer
(GDL) and a thin catalyst layer.

Conductive plates
H2

O2

H2

O2

H2

O2

Flow channels
Gas diffusion layer
Catalyst later
Electrolyte

The membrane-electrode assembly

(MEA) is pressed by two
conductive plates containing
channels to allow reactant flow.

2e-

Electric load

Load

FuelI In

Oxidant in
H2
H 2O

Positive Ion

Negative Ion

1/2O2
H 2O

Depleted Fuel

Depleted oxidant
Anode
Cathode
Electrolyte

Model Formulation

Alkaline Electrolyzer

Aqueous KOH is used as electrolyte

Construction similar to fuel cell

Model Formulation

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Fuel Cell Model Formulation

Electrochemical Model

Cell voltage & Stack voltage:

Vcell E Nernst act ohmic
Vstack N fcVcell

Open circuit voltage:

E Nernst=1.229 8.510 - 3 (T fc -298.15 )+

RT fc
2F

ln p 'H 2 pO' 2

0 .5

Activation overvoltage:
Vact act
dVact I fc
V
=
- act
dt
Cdl RactCdl

Cdl

Ifc
Rint

Ract

+
Vcell

ENernst

Ohmic overvoltage

ohmic I fc Rint

Model Formulation

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Power Electronic Converters

Variable DC output of the Wind turbine/Fuel cell is

interfaced with a 180 V DC bus
Load voltage: 220 V, 50Hz
Steady state modeling of DC-DC converters
Simplified inverter model coupled with LC filter

Model Formulation

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Controller Design
Control Problem
I.

Below rated wind speed: Extract

maximum available power

II.

Near-rated wind speed:Maintain

constant rated power

III.

Over-rated wind speed : Decrease

rotor speed (shut-down)

II III

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Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller

The controller is a 2 input, 2 output

fuzzy controller with 7 membership
functions for the inputs, and 7 for
the outputs.

14

Fuzzification

The 7 membership functions were

assigned the linguistic labels of
Positive Large, Positive Medium,
Positive Small, Zero, Negative
Small, Negative Medium, and
Negative Large.

15

function [ fuzzy ] = fuzzification( data, rules )

% Define linguistics
plarge = 1;
pmedium = 2;
psmall = 3;
zero = 4;
nsmall = 5;
nmedium = 6;
nlarge = 7;

if data >= rules( plarge )

fuzzification.m

fuzzy = plarge;
elseif data >= rules( pmedium )
fuzzy = pmedium;
elseif data > rules( zero )
fuzzy = psmall;
elseif data == rules( zero )
fuzzy = zero;
elseif data <= rules( nlarge )
fuzzy = nlarge;

elseif data <= rules( nmedium )

fuzzy = nmedium;
elseif data <= rules( nsmall )
fuzzy = nsmall;
elseif data < rules( zero )
fuzzy = nsmall;

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Fuzzy Rule-base

The rule-base was implemented with a

two input, two output system. All the
inputs use the same linguistic modifiers
of positive large (pl), positive medium
(pm), positive small (ps), zero (z),
negative small (ns), negative medium
(nm), and negative large (nl). Based on
the linguistics, 49 rules were established
and outputs were chosen based on the
desired output for the system.

17

18

Defuzzification

function [ crisp ] =
fuzzification( data, rules )
crisp = rules( data );

19

System Integration

Wind-fuel cell system interconnection

20

MATLAB-Simulink Simulation

21

Simulation

Constant temperature in fuel cell & electrolyzer assumed

Step changes in
Wind speed
Load resistance
Hydrogen pressure

22

Results

System response with random wind

23

Fuel cell performance (step response)

24

Power converter performance (step response)

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Summary
High settle time for the wind turbine
Controlled operation of the wind
turbine, fuel cell, electrolyzer and
power converter found to be
satisfactory
Coordination of power flow within the
system achieved
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REFERENCES

http://www.fuelcellmagazine.com/eprints/free/johnson
mattheyapril03.pdf
http://www.ecn.nl/bct/solupor.en.ht
ml
http://www.efcf.com/reports/E04.pd
f
http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.php?id=618
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Thank You
For your attention & presence

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